the Reconquista

Examples of the Reconquista in the following topics:

• The Reconquista

  • The Reconquista is a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula dominated by almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians and followed by the Spanish Inquisition.
  • The Reconquista ("reconquest") is a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years, between the initial Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 710s and the fall of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
  • Historians traditionally mark the beginning of the Reconquista with the Battle of Covadonga (most likely in 722) and its end is associated with Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the Americas.
  • The period of Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition that followed, turned Catholicism into the dominant religion of Spain, which have shaped the development of the Spanish state and national identity.
  • Explain how the Reconquista led to Spain's increasing commitment to Catholicism

• Spanish Painting in the Baroque Period

  • The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.
  • The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the Baroque era and the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.
  • It began no earlier than 1492 with the end of the Reconquista (Reconquest), the sea voyages of Christopher Columbus to the New World, and the publication of Antonio de Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana (Grammar of the Castilian Language).
  • In the background there is a mirror that reflects the upper bodies of the king and queen.
  • The Birth of the Virgin, by Francisco de Zurbarán, demonstrates the religious themes, particular the devotion to the Virgin Mary, that pervaded Counter-Reformation Spanish artwork.

• The Exploration of Christopher Columbus

  • Portugal, in particular, led many expeditions, and was slowly exploring the shores of the African Continent in search of a better route to the spices and luxuries of the Orient.
  • Following the unification of Castile and Aragon, and the completion of the reconquista in the late 15th century, Spain was fully committed to looking for new trade routes and oversea colonies.
  • On the evening of August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus departed from Castilian Palos de la Frontera with three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María.
  • Columbus called the island San Salvador, although the indigenous residents called it Guanahani; in present day, it is known as the Bahamas or the Turks and Caicos.
  • Instead, while Columbus' ships sheltered at the mouth of the Jaina River, the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane.

• The Silo D'Oro

  • It begins no earlier than 1492, with the end of the Reconquista, the sea voyages of Christopher Columbus to the New World, and the publication of Antonio de Nebrija's Grammar of the Castilian Language.
  • The last great writer of the period, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, died in 1681, and his death usually is considered the end of El Siglo de Oro in the arts and literature.
  • Velázquez's most famous painting is the celebrated Las Meninas, in which the artist includes himself as one of the subjects.
  • The Palace of Charles V located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra.
  • Granada Cathedral: Foundations for the church were laid by the architect Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main mosque.

• The Crusades

  • The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church during the High and Late Middle Ages.
  • Generally, the Crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land sponsored by the papacy against Muslim forces.
  • The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thus the Byzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests.
  • At the western edge of Europe and of Islamic expansion, the Reconquista (recapture of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims) was well underway by the 11th century, reaching its turning point in 1085 when Alfonso VI of León and Castile retook Toledo from Muslim rule.
  • The heart of Western Europe had been stabilized after the Christianization of the Saxon, Viking, and Hungarian peoples by the end of the 10th century.

• Arts and Sciences

  • The renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.
  • The increased contact with Byzantium and with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, the Crusades, and the Reconquista allowed Europeans to seek and translate the works of Hellenic and Islamic philosophers and scientists, especially Aristotle.
  • The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle allowed the full development of the new Christian philosophy and the method of scholasticism.
  • The first half of the 14th century saw the scientific work of great thinkers.
  • The affluence of the merchant class allowed extensive patronage of the arts, and foremost among the patrons were the Medici.

• Spanish Exploration

  • Only late in the century, following the unification of the crowns of Castile and Aragon and the completion of the reconquista, did an emerging modern Spain become fully committed to the search for new trade routes overseas.
  • The object of the third voyage was to verify the existence of a continent that King John II of Portugal claimed was located to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.
  • An agreement was reached in 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the world between the two powers.
  • The Spanish conquest was also facilitated by the spread of diseases (e.g. smallpox), common in Europe but never present in the New World, which reduced the indigenous populations in the Americas.
  • The Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan died while in the Philippines commanding a Castilian expedition in 1522 which was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

• The Islamic Golden Age

  • The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula.
  • The use of paper spread from China into Muslim regions in the 8th century, and then to Spain (and then the rest of Europe) in the 10th century.
  • The best known fiction from the Islamic world is The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, which took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century, although the number and type of tales vary.
  • He believed in the eternity of the universe.
  • The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed or bamboo.

• Ulna and Radius (The Forearm)

  • The forearm contains two bones—the radius and the ulna—that extend in parallel from the elbow, where they articulate with the humerus to the wrist, where they articulate with the carpals.
  • The space between the two bones is spanned by the interosseous membrane.
  • The cornoid process, together with the olecranon, forms the trochlear notch where it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
  • Laterally to the trochlear notch lies the radial notch, which articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint.
  • Distally the radius expands, medially the ulnar notch articulates with the head of the ulnar.

• Human Appendicular Skeleton

  • The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm.
  • The pelvis joins together in the anterior of the body the pubic symphysis joint and with the bones of the sacrum at the posterior of the body.
  • The lower limbs consists of the thigh, the leg, and the foot.
  • The tarsals are the seven bones of the ankle, which transmits the weight of the body from the tibia and the fibula to the foot.
  • The metatarsals are the five bones of the foot, while the phalanges are the 14 bones of the toes .