Examples of expectancy theory in the following topics:
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- Expectancy theory is about the mental processes involved in making choices.
- In organizational behavior, expectancy theory embraces Victor Vroom's definition of motivation.
- Vroom introduces three variables within his expectancy theory: valence (V), expectancy (E), and instrumentality (I).
- These three components of expectancy theory (expectancy, instrumentality, and valence) fit together in this fashion:
- Analyze Vroom's expectancy theory to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of motivating based upon expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
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- Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology.
- Cognition-oriented theories generally revolve around expectations and deriving equitable compensation for a given effort or outcome.
- There are two main cognition-oriented theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.
- Equity Theory is based on the basic concept of exchange.
- Essentially, Expectation Theory and Equity Theory demonstrate the value of rewarding an employee's investment of time and effort with appropriate compensation.
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- Organizational theory studies organizations to identify the patterns and structures they use to solve problems, maximize efficiency and productivity, and meet the expectations of stakeholders.
- Organizational theory then uses these patterns to formulate normative theories of how organizations function best.
- Correctly applying organizational theory can have several benefits for both the organization and society at large.
- Organizational theory examines patterns in meeting stakeholders' needs.
- Define the value and applications of organizational theory from a business perspective.
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- Managers must realize that not providing the appropriate and expected extrinsic motivators will sow dissatisfaction and unmotivated behavior among employees.
- The key factor that differentiates Two-Factor Theory is the idea of expectation.
- This is because of expectation.
- Extrinsic motivators (e.g., salary, benefits) are expected and so will not increase motivation when they are in place, but they will cause dissatisfaction when they are missing.
- Analyze Frederick Herzberg's perspective on motivating employees through his Two-Factor Theory (also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory)
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- People perform better when they are committed to achieving certain goals, enabling businesses to benefit from employing goal-setting theory.
- To elicit some specific form of behavior from another person requires giving the person a clear view of what is expected.
- Apply goal-setting theory to the process and motivation considerations inherent in organizational behavior and business procedure
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- While there are a wide variety of theories and methods attributed to persuasion, some of the ones most central to business include functional theories, the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), conditioning, cognitive dissonance, attribution theory, inoculation theory and social judgement theory.
- We will a select few of these theories for further clarification:
- Functional Theories - These theories revolve around assumptions about how people may react towards influence or persuasion in respect to their own attitudes.
- Conditioning - Behaviorism, and the tendency of the mind to desire an expected outcome from a familiar input, can be an extremely effective persuasive component.
- This is persuasion at a sub-conscious and indirect level, where the individual slowly aligns their expectations in a way that benefits the persuader.
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- The Path-Goal theory argues that a leader's role is to help followers achieve both personal and organizational goals.
- In 1971, Robert House introduced his version of a contingent theory of leadership known as the Path-Goal theory.
- Directive, path-goal clarifying leader: The leader clearly defines what is expected of followers and tells them how to perform their tasks.
- Achievement-oriented leader: The leader sets challenging goals for followers, expects them to perform at their highest level, and shows confidence in their ability to meet this expectation.
- Expectations of and confidence in followers: Leaders trust that their followers can succeed and expect them to do so.
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- Each of these schools of thought are facets of what modern leadership theories try to take into account today, as varying perspectives on leadership are useful to take into consideration the complex, global world of organizations.
- Early methods of research theory centered around trait theories.
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- Argyris's theory of single- and double-loop learning has been applied to management theory to suggest the best ways for employees to learn.
- He is best known for his work on learning theories in the area of learning organizations.
- In single-loop learning, entities (such as individuals, groups, or organizations) modify their actions according to the difference between expected and obtained outcomes.
- Argyris's theory of single- and double-loop learning has been applied to management theory in order to suggest the best way for employees to learn and think about new goals and strategies for an organization.
- Identify Chris Argyris's key contributions to organizational theory through single-loop and double-loop learning
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- Managers can employ motivational theory and reinforcement tools to motivate employees and increase efficiency.
- Need-based theories of motivation focus on an employee's drive to satisfy needs by working.
- Equity theory is derived from social-exchange theory.
- Employees expect that they will receive an equivalent reimbursement for the value they create.
- Using equity theory, managers can consider employees' actions in context with desired outcomes.