genetic

Examples of genetic in the following topics:

• Genetic Engineering in Animals

  • The purpose of genetic engineering in animals is to create animals with special characteristics.
  • Scientists are now capable of creating new species of animals by taking genetic material from one, or more, plants or animals, and genetically engineering them into the genes of another animal.
  • Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.
  • Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.
  • Laboratory mice are genetically manipulated by deleting a gene for use in biomedical research.

• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Genetic engineering means the manipulation of organisms to make useful products and it has broad applications.
  • Example of a genetic engineering application in medicine: one of the earliest uses of genetic engineering in pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to manufacture large amounts of insulin, made using the cells of E. coli bacteria.
  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetic engineering has produced a variety of drugs and hormones for medical use.
  • Laboratory mice are genetically manipulated by deleting a gene for use in biomedical research.

• Genetic Analysis

  • Genetic analysis is a growing field in microbiology that provides information about specific adaptations and the evolution of organisms.
  • Bacteria obey the laws of genetics and the central dogma of life.
  • DNA that carries genetic information is transcribed to RNA polypeptides, which are translated into protein.
  • -the genetic makeup) of a cell.
  • Genetic analysis of microbes allows the characterization of genes implicated in microbial pathogenesis.

• Genetically Engineered Vaccines

  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that remove heritable material, or that introduce DNA prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host.
  • Genetically engineered viruses are being developed that can still confer immunity, but lack the infectious sequences.
  • The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body.
  • The bacteria can continue to live a healthy life, though genetic engineering and human intervention has actively manipulated what the bacteria actually is.

• Cancer Viruses

  • Transformation occurs when a virus infects and genetically alters a cell.
  • The tumor viruses or oncoviruses change cells by integrating their genetic material with the host cell's DNA .
  • In DNA viruses, the genetic material can be directly inserted into the host's DNA.
  • RNA viruses must first transcribe RNA to DNA and then insert the genetic material into the host cell's DNA.
  • Viral infections contribute to the process through genetic alteration.

• Mammalian Proteins and Products

  • Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals, and microorganisms by manipulating genes.
  • Genetic modifications introduced to a protein have many advantages over chemical modifications.
  • Genetically engineered entities are biocompatible and biodegradable.
  • Many mammalian proteins are produced by genetic engineering.
  • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of producing genetically engineered proteins in bacteria

• Identification of Microbes Based on Molecular Genetics

  • Once virulent factors have been identified, it is possible to develop a vaccine against the factors. illustrates how the avian flu vaccine was developed using reverse genetic techniques.
  • For many pathogenic microorganisms, it is not currently possible to apply molecular genetic techniques to a gene in question.
  • Testing a candidate virulence gene requires a relevant animal model of the disease being examined and the ability to genetically manipulate the microorganism that causes the disease.
  • Additionally, many pathogens cannot be manipulated genetically.

• Bacterial Transformation

  • Transformation is the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.
  • In molecular biology, transformation is genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s) .
  • Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell; the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).
  • Bacterial transformation may be referred to as a stable genetic change, brought about by the uptake of naked DNA (DNA without associated cells or proteins).
  • The Transformation of Genetics by DNA: An Anniversary Celebration of AVERY, MACLEOD and MCCARTY(1944) in Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics.

• Mammalian Gene Expression in Bacteria

  • Bacterial genetics can be manipulated to allow for mammalian gene expression systems established in bacteria.
  • An expression system that is categorized as a genetic engineering product is a system specifically designed for the production of a gene product of choice.
  • In a genetically engineered system, this entire process of gene expression may be induced depending on the plasmid used.
  • Expression systems are normally referred to by the host and the DNA source or the delivery mechanism for the genetic material.
  • Describe the sequence of events in a genetically engineered expression system

• Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing

  • In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
  • In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
  • The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell.
  • Viral vectors are generally genetically-engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious, but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene.
  • Viral vectors are often designed for permanent incorporation of the insert into the host genome, and thus leave distinct genetic markers in the host genome after incorporating the transgene.