yellow fever

Examples of yellow fever in the following topics:

• Inoculation of Live Animals

  • In 1900, Reed and his colleagues used human volunteers for their work on yellow fever.

• Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  • All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases.
  • The family Arenaviridae include the viruses responsible for Lassa fever, Lujo virus, Argentine, Bolivian, Brazilian and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers.
  • The family Flaviviridae include dengue, yellow fever , and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest disease virus.
  • Signs and symptoms of VHFs include fever and bleeding diathesis.
  • The only licensed vaccine available is for yellow fever.

• Vaccine Safety

  • Vaccines carry risks, ranging from rashes or tenderness at the site of injection to fever-associated seizures.
  • Vaccines carry risks, ranging from rashes or tenderness at the site of injection to fever-associated seizures called febrile convulsions and dangerous infections in those with compromised immune systems.
  • These include current smallpox vaccines that cannot safely be given to immunocompromised people; the tuberculosis vaccine, which is not recommended for HIV-positive infants; and the yellow-fever vaccine, which puts elderly people at particular risk of a yellow-fever-like illness.

• Arthropods as Vectors

  • Additional examples of mosquitoes include the Aedes mosquito which is a vector for avian malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever.

• Leptospirosis

  • Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's Syndrome, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever, Rat Catcher's Yellows, Fort Bragg fever, black jaundice, and Pretibial fever) is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, and affects humans as well as other animals.
  • Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis.
  • If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding it is then known as Weil's disease.

• Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory

  • Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, such as hepatitis A, B, and C, influenza A, Lyme disease, salmonella, mumps, measles, scrapie, dengue fever, and HIV.
  • Bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist, such as anthrax, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, SARS virus, tuberculosis, typhus, Rift Valley fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, yellow fever, and malaria.
  • Viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Lassa fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and other hemorrhagic diseases.

• Scarlet Fever

  • Scarlet fever is caused by a bacteriophage that infects Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • Scarlet fever is an infectious disease which most commonly affects 4-8 year-old children.
  • Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and a characteristic red rash .
  • Scarlet fever is caused by secretion of pyrogenic (fever inducing) exotoxins by the infected Streptococcus.
  • The rosy cheeks and white area around the mouth are typical symptoms of scarlet fever.

• Typhoid Fever

  • Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a common, worldwide bacterial disease.
  • The disease has been known by many names, such as gastric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow fever, nervous fever or pythogenic (originating from filth or putrefaction) fever.
  • This delirium gives typhoid its nickname of "nervous fever".
  • Typhoid fever in most cases is not fatal.
  • Summarize the four stages of untreated typhoid fever and methods of preventing it

• Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)

  • Brucellosis, also called Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant fever, is a highly-contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions.
  • Brucellosis induces inconstant fevers, sweating, weakness, anaemia, headaches, depression, and muscular and bodily pain.
  • In the first stage of the disease, septicemia occurs and leads to the classic triad of undulant fevers, sweating (often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay), and migratory arthralgia and myalgia.

• Rheumatic Fever

  • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat.
  • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a Streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) or scarlet fever, that affects the peri-arteriolar connective tissue.
  • However the antibodies may also react against the myocardium and joints, producing the symptoms of rheumatic fever.
  • Acute rheumatic fever is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin and corticosteroids.
  • Last century, infections by S. pyogenes claimed many lives especially since the organism was the most important cause of puerperal fever and scarlet fever.