Examples of inertial frame in the following topics:
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- Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity states that the laws of motion are the same in all inertial (or non-accelerating) frames.
- An inertial frame is a reference frame in relative uniform motion to absolute space.
- Consider two inertial frames S and S'.
- This transformation of variables between two inertial frames is called Galilean transformation .
- Assuming that mass is invariant in all inertial frames, the above equation shows that Newton's laws of mechanics, if valid in one frame, must hold for all frames.
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- In the late 19th century, the Newtonian mechanics was considered to be valid in all inertial frames of reference, which are moving at a constant relative velocity with respect to each other.
- In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein resolved the puzzle and broadened the scope of the invariance to extend the validity of all physical laws, including electromagnetic theory, to all inertial frames of reference.
- The Principle of Relativity: The laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference.
- This postulate relates to reference frames.
- It says that there is no preferred frame and, therefore, no absolute motion.
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- Newton's laws of motion govern the motion of an object in a (non-accelerating) inertial frame of reference.
- These additional forces are termed inertial forces, fictitious forces, or pseudo-forces.
- They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame.
- In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black object moves in a straight line.
- However, the observer (red dot) who is standing in the rotating/non-inertial frame of reference (lower part of the picture) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame.
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- Such particles and waves (including light) travel at c regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial frame of reference of the observer.
- The speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer.
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- This gives rise to Galilean relativity, which states that the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames.
- It also results in a prediction that the speed of light can vary from one reference frame to another.
- The Galilean transformation gives the coordinates of the moving frame as
- This means that the conservation law needs to hold in any frame of reference.
- However, it can be made invariant by making the inertial mass m of an object a function of velocity:
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- That is, inside the frame of reference of Ship A, everything is moving normally, but everything over on Ship B appears to be moving slower (and vice versa).
- From a local perspective, time registered by clocks that are at rest with respect to the local frame of reference (and far from any gravitational mass) always appears to pass at the same rate.
- where Δt is the time interval between two co-local events (i.e. happening at the same place) for an observer in some inertial frame (e.g. ticks on his clock), this is known as the proper time, Δt' is the time interval between those same events, as measured by another observer, inertially moving with velocity v with respect to the former observer, v is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving clock, c is the speed of light, and $\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^{2}/c^{2}}}$
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- The question of whether the events are simultaneous is relative: in some reference frames the two accidents may happen at the same time, in other frames (in a different state of motion relative to the events) the crash in London may occur first, and still in other frames, the New York crash may occur first.
- "event A causes event B" in all frames of reference).
- He deduced the failure of absolute simultaneity from two stated assumptions: 1) the principle of relativity–the equivalence of inertial frames, such that the laws of physics apply equally in all inertial coordinate systems; 2) the constancy of the speed of light detected in empty space, independent of the relative motion of its source.
- Reference frame of an observer standing on the platform (length contraction not depicted).
- The train-and-platform experiment from the reference frame of an observer onboard the train.
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- If we want to know the acceleration "felt" by an observer living on Earth due to the moon, a tricky part is that the Earth is not an inertial frame of reference because it is in "free fall" with respect to the moon.
- Given this, in order to figure out the force observed, we must subtract the acceleration of the (Earth) frame itself.
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- Relativistic corrections for energy and mass need to be made because of the fact that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant in all reference frames.
- In order for these laws to hold in all reference frames, special relativity must be applied.
- The Lorentz factor is equal to: $\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}}$, where v is the relative velocity between inertial reference frames and c is the speed of light.
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- More precisely, you need to specify its position relative to a convenient reference frame.
- This is referred to as choosing a coordinate system, or choosing a frame of reference.
- As long as you are consistent, any frame is equally valid.
- In this classic film, Professors Hume and Ivey cleverly illustrate reference frames and distinguish between fixed and moving frames of reference.
- In the film University of Toronto physics professors Patterson Hume and Donald Ivey explain the distinction between inertial and nonintertial frames of reference, while demonstrating these concepts through humorous camera tricks.