conditioning

Examples of conditioning in the following topics:

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning occurs when an unconditioned response becomes a conditional response to an unrelated conditional stimulus.
  • Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US), in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR).
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response.
  • The conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell.
  • The conditioned response, therefore, was the salivation of the dogs in response to the conditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell) .

• Classical Conditioning in Behavioral Therapy

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning in Behavioral Therapy

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov

  • Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US) in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR).
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response.
  • Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
  • In classical-conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response.
  • After conditioning, the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response (salivation), thus becoming a conditioned stimulus.

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

  • Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning in altering human behavior.
  • Watson carried out a controversial classical conditioning experiment on an infant boy called "Little Albert."
  • Watson was able to successfully condition Albert to fear the rat because of its association with the loud noise.
  • Eventually, Albert was conditioned to fear other similar furry items such as a rabbit and even a Santa Claus mask.
  • Classical conditioning is used not only in therapeutic interventions, but in everyday life as well.

• Defining Learning

  • There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
  • Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.
  • The conditioning is achieved when the sound of the bell on its own makes the dog salivate in anticipation for the meat.
  • Operant conditioning is the learning process by which behaviors are reinforced or punished, thus strengthening or extinguishing a response.
  • Skinner researched operant conditioning by conducting experiments with rats in what he called a "Skinner box."

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Skinner

  • Skinner was a behavioral psychologist who expanded the field by defining and elaborating on operant conditioning.
  • Operant conditioning is a theory of behaviorism that focuses on changes in an individual's observable behaviors.
  • In operant conditioning, new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences.
  • Almost half a century after Thorndike's first publication of the principles of operant conditioning and the law of effect, Skinner attempted to prove an extension to this theory—that all behaviors are in some way a result of operant conditioning.
  • In his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping.

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

  • In operant conditioning theory, new or continued behaviors are impacted by new or continued consequences.
  • Almost half a century after Thorndike's first publication of the principles of operant conditioning, Skinner attempted to prove an extension to this theory—that all behaviors were in some way a result of operant conditioning.
  • This basic theory of operant conditioning is still used by psychologists, scientists, and educators today.
  • Operant conditioning can be viewed as a process of action and consequence.
  • Shaping is the conditioning paradigm of an experiment.