Examples of memory in the following topics:
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- As the name already suggest, Long Term Memory stores memory for an extended period of time and perhaps indefinitely.
- Explicit memory, also known as conscious or declarative memory, involves memory for facts, concepts and events that require conscious recall of the information.
- Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more contextualized memories.
- Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory.
- Semantic and episodic memory are closely related; memory for facts can be enhanced with episodic memories associated with the fact, and vice versa.
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- In sensory memory, no manipulation of the incoming information occurs as it is transferred quickly to working memory.
- It is assumed that there is a subtype of sensory memory for each of the five major senses (touch, taste, sight, hearing, and smell); however, only three of these types have been extensively studied: echoic memory, iconic memory, and haptic memory.
- Iconic memory has a duration of about 100 ms.
- Echoic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system.
- Haptic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch.
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- Memory storage is achieved through the process of encoding, through either short- or long-term memory.
- During the process of memory encoding, information is filtered and modified for storage in short-term memory.
- Items stored in short-term memory move to long-term memory through rehearsal, processing, and use.
- In order to explain the recall process, however, a memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in memory storage for a prolonged period of time until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process.
- Note that all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage.
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- Short-term memory, which includes working memory, stores information for a brief period of recall for things that happened recently.
- Though the term "working memory" is often used synonymously with "short-term memory," working memory is related to but actually distinct from short-term memory.
- Baddeley and Hitch's 1974 model of working memory is the most commonly accepted theory of working memory today.
- It also links the working memory to the long-term memory, controls the storage of long-term memory, and manages memory retrieval from storage.
- This is a function of time; that is, the longer the memory stays in the short-term memory the more likely it is to be placed in the long-term memory.
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- Long-term memory is the final, semi-permanent stage of memory.
- Long-term memory has also been called reference memory, because an individual must refer to the information in long-term memory when performing almost any task.
- Long-term memory can be broken down into two categories: explicit and implicit memory.
- Episodic memory is used for more contextualized memories.
- Contrast the different ways memories can be stored in long-term memory
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- Memory is not perfect.
- However, without use, or with the addition of new memories, old memories can decay.
- Memory is associative by nature; commonalities between points of information not only reinforce old memories, but serve to ease the establishment of new ones.
- All of these factors impact how memories are prioritized and how accessible they will be when they are stored in long-term memory.
- Our memories are not infallible: over time, without use, memories decay and we lose the ability to retrieve them.
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- Two other types of sensory memory have been extensively studied: echoic memory (the auditory sensory store) and haptic memory (the tactile sensory store).
- Short-term memory is also known as working memory.
- However, items can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory via processes like rehearsal.
- In contrast to explicit/declarative memory, there is also a system for procedural/implicit memory.
- Summarize which types of memory are necessary to which stage of the process of memory storage
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- It is theorized that memories are stored in neural networks in various parts of the brain associated with different types of memory, including short-term memory, sensory memory, and long-term memory.
- Memory traces, or engrams, are the physical neural changes associated with memory storage.
- These areas are also associated with long-term memory, suggesting a strong relationship between working memory and long-term memory.
- Sensory memory is the briefest form of memory, with no storage capability.
- The temporal lobe is important for sensory memory, while the frontal lobe is associated with both short- and long-term memory.
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- Traumatic memories are encoded differently than memories of ordinary experiences.
- In traumatic memories, there is a narrowed attentional focus on certain aspects of the memory, usually those that involved the most heightened emotional arousal.
- Given research showing how unreliable memory is, it is possible that any attempt to "recover" a repressed memory runs the risk of implanting false memories.
- Researchers who are skeptical of the idea of recovered memories note how susceptible memory is to various manipulations that can be used to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories").
- While this experiment does show that false memories can be implanted in some subjects, it cannot be generalized to say that all recovered memories are false memories.
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- Transience refers to the general deterioration of a specific memory over time.
- Memory is associative by nature; commonalities between points of information will not only reinforce old memories, but serve to ease the establishment of new ones.
- Memory consists of events as well as perceptions, interpretations, and emotions.
- It is posited that during sleep, our working memory is converted into long-term memory.
- There is a limited capacity of working memory, so little can be remembered at a later time unless the information is encoded to long-term memory.