Examples of fertility in the following topics:
-
- There are a number of different approaches to measuring fertility rate—such as crude birth rate (CBR), general fertility rate (GFR), child-woman ratio (CWR), total fertility rate (TFR), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and net reproduction rate (NRR).
- The TFR (or TPFR—total period fertility rate) is a better index of fertility than the crude birth rate because it is independent of the age structure of the population, but it is a poorer estimate of actual completed family size than the total cohort fertility rate.
- Demographers study the factors that affect fertility in order to better understand fertility patterns and their variance.
- Fertility has been found to correlate to human development index, with more developed countries having lower fertility rates than less developed ones.
- Examine the impact of fertility rates on society and the various ways fertility is computed and discussed
-
- total fertility rate: the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates
- Another important demographic concept relating to fertility is replacement level.
- Sub-replacement fertility is a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an existing population.
- Fertility rates are just starting to decline in Africa.
- The chart below highlights the varied fertility rates of specific countries as some have very low fertility rates, many have moderate rates, and some have very high rates.
-
- Fertility rates refer to the rates of birth per 1,000 women of reproductive age in a given population.
- However, when the fertility rate deviates from the replacement level, the size of the population will change.
- Fertility rates above the replacement level will cause the population to grow; fertility rates below the replacement level will cause the population to shrink.
- Meanwhile, about half the world lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility.
- Russia and Eastern Europe are dramatically below replacement fertility.
-
- The United States illustrates how the rate of natural increase and net migration combine to create population change—the fertility rate in the U.S. is at almost exactly replacement level, but migration into the country is high enough to lead to population growth.
- Human population growth depends on the rate of natural increase, or the fertility rate minus the mortality rate, and net migration.
- Changes in population size can be predicted based on changes in fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
- Natural increase refers to the increase in population not due to migration, and it can be calculated with the fertility rate and the mortality rate.
- The US fertility rate has leveled off at about 2.0, which is nearly equal to the replacement level.
-
- Middle adulthood is generally accompanied by a decline in physical health and fertility, and an increase in ability to cope with stress.
- Both male and female fertility declines with advancing age.
- Middle aged women will experience menopause, which ends natural fertility, in their late 40s or early 50s.
-
- Some scholars delineate a separate fifth stage of below-replacement fertility levels.
- Others hypothesize a different stage five involving an increase in fertility.
- The United Nations Population Fund (2008) categorizes nations as high-fertility, intermediate-fertility, or low-fertility.
- For countries with intermediate fertility rates (the United States, India, and Mexico all fall into this category), growth is expected to be about 26 percent.
- And low-fertility countries like China, Australia, and most of Europe will actually see population declines of approximately 20 percent.
-
- Such policies could have a significant effect on global fertility rates.
- Or they may implement pro-natalist policies, like those seen in much of Europe where governments are concerned with sub-replacement fertility.
- Any of these changes could affect fertility rates and therefore alter forecasts of population growth.
- The problem with activism surrounding population growth is that forecasts cannot predict unexpected changes in fertility and mortality rates.
- Explain the various ways sociologist try to estimate the rate of population growth, such as through fertility, birth and death rates
-
- Once countries pass through the demographic transition, some experience fertility rate decreases so substantial that they fall well below replacement level—the birth rate needed to maintain a stable population—and their populations begin to shrink.
- About half the world population lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility.
- To combat extremely low fertility rates, some of these governments have introduced pro-family policies, such as payments to parents for having children and extensive parental leave for parents.
- The United Nations projects that the world population will stabilize in 2075 at nine billion due to declining fertility rates.
- Others argue that economic development is the best way to reduce population growth because economic development can spur demographic transitions that lead to reduced fertility rates.
-
- About half the world lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility and population growth in those countries is due to immigration.
- The United Nations projects that the world human population will stabilize in 2075 at nine billion due to declining fertility rates.
- Russia and Eastern Europe are dramatically below replacement fertility.
- In Population Politics she shows evidence that declining fertility following industrialization only holds true in nations where women enjoy a relatively high status.
- Such policies may reverse the low fertility rates, but they also seem to be shortsighted in light of the concerns associated with overall world population growth.
-
- In nations with high levels of fertility, upper class individuals tend to have more children than their lower class peers.
- In nations with low levels of fertility, upper class families exhibit even lower fertility than average.