international law

Examples of international law in the following topics:

• The Nuremberg Trials

  • The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S.
  • Political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council which, having sovereign power over Germany, could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war.
  • According to Airey Neave, Jackson was also the one behind the prosecution's decision to include membership in any of the six criminal organizations in the indictments at the trial, though the IMT rejected this on the grounds that it was wholly without precedent in either international law or the domestic laws of any of the Allies.
  • The Tribunal is celebrated for establishing that "[c]rimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced."
  • The Nuremberg Trials initiated a movement for the prompt establishment of a permanent international criminal court.

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • The Kellogg–Briand Pact was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied the benefits furnished by this treaty. " It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after.
  • The 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact was concluded outside the League of Nations, and remains a binding treaty under international law.
  • As a practical matter, the Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to its aim of ending war, and in this sense it made no immediate contribution to international peace and proved to be ineffective in the years to come.
  • It has also served as one of the legal bases establishing international norms that threat or use military force in contravention of international law, as well as the territorial acquisitions resulting from it, is unlawful.
  • The interdiction of aggressive war was confirmed and broadened by the United Nations Charter, which provides in article 2, paragraph 4, that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. " One legal consequence of this is that it is clearly unlawful to annex territory by force.

• "The People"

  • The alternative, that any state may at any time leave the Union and thus be free from Union interference in the state's internal affairs, was attempted and rejected as the South seceded during the American Civil War.
  • In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations").
  • For example, if a law was enacted that violated the Constitution, not just anybody could challenge the statute's constitutionality in court; instead, only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge to a court of law.
  • The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional, but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person's interests.
  • For example, while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating, once charged, a person may challenge the law's validity, even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime.

• National Identity

  • In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations" in modern equivalent).
  • While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the post-Civil War Supreme Court held that the United States of America consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations.
  • The Constitution is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state individually.
  • In the event of a conflict, a valid federal law prevails.
  • The phrase has also been interpreted to refute constitutional claims to state nullification of federal laws, dissolution of the Union, or secession from it.

• The Sovereign States

  • In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations").
  • While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the post-Civil War Supreme Court held that the United States of America consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; in other words, the individual states may not conduct foreign relations.
  • Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments (such as the powers to declare war and make treaties), all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country's representative in the international community.
  • Domestically, the federal government's sovereignty means that it may perform acts, such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds, that are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or other laws.
  • Constitution, which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state; in the event of a conflict, a valid federal law controls.

• Internment of Japanese Americans

  • Relocation and internment occurred in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
  • Of those interned, 62% were American citizens.
  • Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive Order 9066, issued February 19, 1942.
  • German American internment and Italian American internment camps also existed, sometimes sharing facilities with the Japanese Americans.
  • The spartan facilities of the camps met international laws, but still left much to be desired.

• Child Labor

  • This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations.
  • These laws were often paired with compulsory education laws which were designed to keep children in school and out of the paid labor market until a specified age (usually 12, 14, or 16 years.)
  • It was the first federal child labor law.
  • Supreme Court struck down the law two years later in Hammer v.
  • However, by 1900, 34 states had compulsory schooling laws, 4 of which were in the South. 30 states with compulsory schooling laws required attendance until age 14 (or higher).

• "We the People"

  • The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate laws solely because they are unconstitutional, but it may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person's interests.
  • If federal legislation conflicts with state laws, the federal legislation prevails and the state must defer to the federal government.
  • The alternative—that any state may at any time leave the Union and thus be free from Union interference in the state's internal affairs—was attempted during the American Civil War when several states seceded from the Union.
  • While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the post-Civil War Supreme Court held that the United States consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations.
  • In the event of a conflict, a valid federal law has control.

• Populism and Religion

  • In 1905, Bryan noted that "the Darwinian theory represents man reaching his present perfection by the operation of the law of hate, the merciless law by which the strong crowd out and kill off the weak.
  • If this is the law of our development then, if there is any logic that can bind the human mind, we shall turn backward to the beast in proportion as we substitute the law of love.
  • I choose to believe that love rather than hatred is the law of development. " Bryan threw himself into the work of the Social Gospel.
  • Before World War I, Bryan believed moral progress could achieve equality at home and, in the international field, peace between all the world's nations.
  • By 1921, Bryan saw Darwinism as a major internal threat to the US.

• Globalization and the U.S.

  • Globalization refers to the process of international integration with regards to both culture and trade.
  • Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
  • Development and growth of international transport and telecommunication played a decisive role in modern globalization.
  • Out of the conference came an agreement by major governments to lay down the framework for international monetary policy, commerce, and finance, as well as the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering trade barriers.
  • Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of nation-states, with more restrictions put in place