Examples of The Maghreb in the following topics:
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The Maghreb
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Islamic Conquest of the Maghreb
- It is important to keep in mind, however, that because of the constantly changing borders of the first caliphates in the region, the history of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb is intertwined with the history of the territories east of the border of the region that is today defined as the Maghreb.
- The Arabs reached the Maghreb in early Umayyad times.
- Arab expansion and the spread of Islam into the Maghreb pushed the development of trans-Saharan trade.
- Arab control over the Maghreb was quite weak.
- Discuss the effects the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb had on the area
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The Abbasid Empire
- The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 750 CE, and ruled over a large, flourishing empire for three centuries.
- The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads, and the geographic power shift appeased the Persian mawali support base.
- Within 50 years, the Idrisids in the Maghreb, the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya, and the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr became independent in Africa.
- The political power of the Abbasids largely ended with the rise of the Buyids and the Seljuq Turks in 1258 CE.
- Discuss the political stability during the Abbasid Era and the Abbasids' rise to power
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Expansion Under the Umayyad Caliphates
- The Umayyad Caliphate, the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad, expanded the territory of the Islamic state to one of the largest empires in history.
- The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.
- The Umayyads incorporated the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb, and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world.
- Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hashim and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750.
- The caliph's palace, Medina Azahara, was on the outskirts of the city, and had many rooms filled with riches from the East.
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Post-Byzantine Egypt
- The Muslim conquest of Egypt took place shortly after Muhammad's death, but it was three centuries later, under the Fatimid Caliphate, that the region became the center of the Islamic world.
- Before the Muslim conquest of Egypt began, the Byzantines had already lost the Levant and their Arab ally, the Ghassanid Kingdom, to the Muslims.
- At its height, the caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant to the Caucasus in the north, North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east.
- The main pillar of the early Muslim rule and control in the country was the military force, or jund, provided by the Arab settlers.
- At its height the caliphate included, in addition to Egypt, varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz.
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Establishment of the National Assembly
- Its members had been elected to represent the estates of the realm: the First Estate (the clergy), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (the commoners) but the Third Estate had been granted "double representation" (twice as many delegates as each of the other estates).
- On June 17, with the failure of efforts to reconcile the three estates, the Third Estate declared themselves redefined as the National Assembly, an assembly not of the estates, but of the people.
- Following the storming of the Bastille on July 14, the National Assembly became the effective government of France.
- In an attempt to address the financial crisis, the Assembly declared, on November 2, 1789, that the property of the Church was "at the disposal of the nation."
- Thus the nation had now also taken on the responsibility of the Church, which included paying the clergy and caring for the poor, the sick, and the orphaned.
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The Constitution of 1791
- The Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution of France that turned the country into a constitutional monarchy following the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
- For instance, the Marquis de Lafayette proposed a combination of the American and British systems, introducing a bicameral parliament, with the king having the suspensive veto power over the legislature, modeled on the authority then recently vested in the President of the United States.
- The greatest controversy faced by the new committee surrounded the issue of citizenship.
- Redefining the organization of the French government, citizenship, and the limits to the powers of government, the National Assembly set out to represent the interests of the public.
- The National Assembly was the legislative body, the king and royal ministers made up the executive branch, and the judiciary was independent of the other two branches.
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The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the period of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it disintegrated and split into numerous successor states.
- The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration.
- The reasons for the decline of the Empire are still debated today, and are likely multiple.
- The Ostrogothic Kingdom, which rose from the ruins of the Western Roman Empire.
- Analyze, broadly, the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.
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The Fall of Constantinople
- The restored Byzantine Empire converted to Catholicism to get aid from the West against the Ottoman Turks, but the Turks defeated them by conquering Constantinople, thereby causing the final collapse of the Byzantines.
- In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans.
- The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.
- A popular saying at the time was "Better the Turkish turban than the Papal tiara."
- The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages, which also marks, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages.
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The Double Disasters
- In 1071, the Byzantine Empire suffered two important defeats, against the Turks in the Battle of Manzikert and against the Normans in Bari, sometimes called the Double Disasters.
- At the end of the conflict, neither the Normans nor the Byzantines could boast much power.
- The Normans had come from the Duchy of Normandy in West Francia, which in 911 had been granted to the Viking Rollo in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte by the French king Charles the Simple.
- The premature death of the former and the overthrow of the latter led to further collapse as the Normans consolidated their conquest of Sicily and Italy.
- Map of Italy and the Illyrian coast in the year 1084, after the defeat of the Byzantines at Bari.