Introductory Chemistry
v. 1.0
Table of Contents
Licensing Information
Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry?
Chapter Introduction
Some Basic Definitions
Chemistry as a Science
Chapter 2: Measurements
Chapter Introduction
Expressing Numbers
Expressing Units
Significant Figures
Converting Units
Other Units: Temperature and Density
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter Introduction
Atomic Theory
Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature
Masses of Atoms and Molecules
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Acids
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chapter Introduction
The Chemical Equation
Types of Chemical Reactions: Single- and Double-Displacement Reactions
Ionic Equations: A Closer Look
Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 5: Stoichiometry and the Mole
Chapter Introduction
Stoichiometry
The Mole
The Mole in Chemical Reactions
Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
Yields
Limiting Reagents
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 6: Gases
Chapter Introduction
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Pressure
Gas Laws
Other Gas Laws
The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications
Gas Mixtures
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 7: Energy and Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
Energy
Work and Heat
Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions
Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy
Hess’s Law
Formation Reactions
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 8: Electronic Structure
Chapter Introduction
Light
Quantum Numbers for Electrons
Organization of Electrons in Atoms
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table
Periodic Trends
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 9: Chemical Bonds
Chapter Introduction
Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams
Electron Transfer: Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds
Violations of the Octet Rule
Molecular Shapes
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 10: Solids and Liquids
Chapter Introduction
Intermolecular Forces
Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming
Properties of Liquids
Solids
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 11: Solutions
Chapter Introduction
Some Definitions
Quantitative Units of Concentration
Dilutions and Concentrations
Concentrations as Conversion Factors
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 12: Acids and Bases
Chapter Introduction
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Titrations
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts
Autoionization of Water
The pH Scale
Buffers
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 13: Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter Introduction
Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
Shifting Equilibria: Le Chatelier’s Principle
Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values
Some Special Types of Equilibria
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 14: Oxidation and Reduction
Chapter Introduction
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Balancing Redox Reactions
Applications of Redox Reactions: Voltaic Cells
Electrolysis
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 15: Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
Radioactivity
Half-Life
Units of Radioactivity
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Nuclear Energy
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 16: Organic Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
Hydrocarbons
Branched Hydrocarbons
Alkyl Halides and Alcohols
Other Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
Other Functional Groups
Polymers
End-of-Chapter Material
Appendix: Periodic Table of the Elements