An oral suspension of activated charcoal (AC) should merit consideration in poisonings when there is an indication for gastrointestinal decontamination of an ingested toxin, and the clinician can administer activated charcoal within 1 hour of ingestion. Careful consideration of the contraindications (see below) should take place before treatment with activated charcoal.[1][2][3] While activated charcoal has been shown to significantly reduce the absorption of many ingested toxins when given within the first-hour post-ingestion, there have been no studies to date that have shown patient-oriented outcome benefit such as mortality, morbidity, or length of hospital stay with the use of activated charcoal. [4]
Observational trial data in recent years suggests single-dose activated charcoal (SDAC) may be given and could significantly reduce drug absorption and bioavailability in the following circumstances:
Multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC) is often a consideration in cases of life-threatening ingestions of carbamazepine, dapsone, phenobarbital, quinine, and theophylline.
Activated charcoal adsorbs ingested toxins within the gastrointestinal tract preventing the systemic absorption of that toxin. Activated charcoal only adsorbs toxins that are in the dissolved liquid phase via direct contact. Orally administered activated charcoal does not get absorbed through the gastrointestinal lumen and acts within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in its unchanged form. Ingested toxins come in contact with activated charcoal if the drug has not yet been absorbed from the gastrointestinal lumen, or via recirculation of the toxin into the gut lumen by either enterohepatic recirculation, or entero-enteric recirculation through active secretion, or passive diffusion.
Activated charcoal adsorption of toxins is based on the equilibrium between the free toxin and the activated charcoal/toxin complex. Desorption of the toxin from activated charcoal may occur. However, in the presence of adequate doses of activated charcoal, the equilibrium is shifted towards the activated charcoal/toxin complex. This attempt to shift the equilibrium in favor of activated charcoal/toxin complexes is the rationale for dosing activated charcoal to activated charcoal: toxin ratio of 10 to 1 (see below).
Activated charcoal best adsorbs toxins in their nonionized forms. Polar, water-soluble molecules are less likely to be adsorbed. Due to the pharmacodynamics of activated charcoal, it best absorbs nonpolar, poorly water-soluble organic toxins.[5]
Most ingested toxins will have decreased systemic absorption in the presence of activated charcoal, including acetaminophen, aspirin, barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants, theophylline, phenytoin, and a majority of inorganic and organic materials. It is important to note that activated charcoal does not effectively adsorb alcohols, metals such as iron and lithium, electrolytes such as magnesium, potassium, or sodium, and acids or alkalis due to the polarity of these substances.
The clinician should administer activated charcoal when they believe an ingested toxin is still in the gastrointestinal tract, and when the benefits of preventing the absorption of the toxin are assumed to outweigh the risks posed by administering activated charcoal. The optimal dosing of activated charcoal is unknown. Activated charcoal administration can be oral, or via nasogastric and orogastric tubes. When the dose of the ingested toxin is known, experts recommend activated charcoal at a 10 to 1 ratio of activated charcoal to the ingested toxin. This ratio may be impractical to achieve when the patient has ingested large doses of a toxin.[6] When the amount of toxin ingested is unknown, or it is impractical to achieve a 10 to 1 ratio in large dose toxic ingestions, SDAC should be administered at a dose of 1g/kg of body weight or using a simplified age-based dosing scheme:
Multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC) refers to the administration of two or more sequential doses of activated charcoal for enhanced elimination of the ingested toxin. MDAC appears to prevent ongoing absorption of drug remaining within the GI tract and enhance elimination via enterohepatic or entero-enteric recirculation. While the quality of clinical data is not robust, researchers believe MDAC is beneficial for “potentially life-threatening” ingestions of carbamazepine, dapsone, phenobarbital, quinine, and theophylline.
Dosing strategies of MDAC vary. The initial dosing is either a 10 to 1 ratio of activated charcoal to the toxin or 1 g/kg of bodyweight. Interval MDAC doses range from 0.25 to 0.5 g/kg of body weight every 1 to 6 hours in adults. Some cases have employed the continuous administration of activated charcoal through an NG tube. A simplified MDAC approach for adult patients would be:
Due to the variability in proper dosing strategies and indications for MDAC administration, it would be reasonable to consult a regional toxicologist or Poison Control Center before the initiation of MDAC therapy.
Formulations have been attempted to increase the palatability of activated charcoal, which is black and has a gritty texture. Ready-to-use aqueous suspensions of activated charcoal are available in 15 g, 25 g, and 50 g doses as well as formulations premixed with sorbitol. If activated charcoal is not premixed, a slurry can be made with activated charcoal in a 1 to 8 ratio of activated charcoal to a suitable liquid such as water, cola, or flavored syrups. Offering activated charcoal in an opaque cup with a lid and straw is an easy way to increase the palatability of activated charcoal.
Pulmonary aspiration and a resulting aspiration pneumonitis are the most concerning risks of administration of activated charcoal. Aspiration from emesis and misplaced nasogastric tubes for activated charcoal administration have can lead to severe respiratory compromise and even death. Therefore, an adequate airway assessment must take place before the administration of activated charcoal. In patients with a depressed level of consciousness, providers must consider the risk-to-benefit ratio of intubation for airway protection and the therapeutic benefits of activated charcoal. Emesis occurs more often with rapid administration of activated charcoal and the risk of emesis increases when the activated charcoal has sorbitol added. Patients should be monitored for mental status changes and continued protection of their airway if emesis occurs.
While emesis is a common adverse effect, more significant gastrointestinal complications such as bowel obstructions have been reported after the administration of activated charcoal. Patients with pre-existing motility disorders, those receiving opioids or antimuscarinic drugs, and those treated with MDAC might be at greater risk. However, the likelihood of a more significant gastrointestinal complication following SDAC therapy is low.[4]
A position statement from the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) in 2005 lists the following as contraindications and relative contraindications for activated charcoal use:
MDAC is relatively contraindicated if decreased peristalsis is likely to occur from the substance ingested (opioids or anticholinergics). If these patients receive MDAC, they should be monitored closely for the development of obstruction or potential aspiration.
As activated charcoal remains inert within the GI tract, no therapeutic index for systemic absorption exists.
No significant toxicity from activated charcoal exists as it is not systemically absorbed; however, adverse effects from the administration as listed above, such as emesis, aspiration, and bowel obstruction can occur.
Activated charcoal is widely used in Emergency Departments to treat many types of toxic ingestions. Its use significantly prevents the absorption of many toxic drugs and other poisons if given early post-ingestion. However, patient-oriented outcome data for the use of activated charcoal is limited and its administration is not without risk. Healthcare workers in the emergency room, including nurses and physicians, need to know when and how to use activated charcoal for the best results. While activated charcoal is widely sold in health food stores to treat a variety of other conditions, it is important to educate the patient about the harm of the unregulated use of this substance.[4][7]
A clinician contemplating the use of activated charcoal should consider consulting with a clinical pharmacist, toxicologist, or Poison Control if there are any doubts regarding the appropriateness of its use. These resources can also assist with appropriate dosing and administration. Nursing will administer the activated charcoal, and should help monitor the patient for adverse events as well as assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Functioning as a collaborative interprofessional team will optimize patient outcomes when using activated charcoal for toxic ingestions. [Level V]
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[6] | Delaney TM,Helvey JT,Shiffermiller JF, A Case of Salicylate Toxicity Presenting with Acute Focal Neurologic Deficit in a 61-Year-Old Woman with a History of Stroke. The American journal of case reports. 2020 Feb 15 [PubMed PMID: 32060256] |
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