Patients with Asherman syndrome may have light or absent menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Still, some patients have normal periods based on the surface area of the cavity that is affected. Others have no periods but have severe dysmenorrhea (pain with menstruation) that may occur around the time of the anticipated menstrual period. The pain may indicate that the endometrial build-up occurs during the cycle, but that menstrual flow is obstructed due to adhesions near or within the cervix. These adhesions can present as recurrent miscarriage and/or infertility due to deficient endometrium and its poor vascularisation.

The failure to induce menses despite stimulating the endometrium with an estrogen-progesterone challenge, in a patient with secondary amenorrhea, with normal hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian functions and hormone levels, points towards the diagnosis of Asherman's syndrome.[7]

Although two-dimensional sonography may suggest adhesive disease, Asherman syndrome is more often evaluated initially with saline sonography or hysterosalpingography to demonstrate the adhesions. Still, the sensitivity for diagnosis remains only 75% for these modalities. Hysteroscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosing the extent of the disease and allows treatment to occur simultaneously. MRI is needed when there is a total obliteration of the uterine cavity.[8][9][10]

Asherman syndrome should be treated by a surgeon experienced with hysteroscopy, sometimes with sonographic or laparoscopic guidance. These surgeons often recommend removing scars with scissors but may also use other modalities with care taken not to create further disease. Preoperative and postoperative treatment with oral, transdermal, or intramuscular estrogen preparations may help to reduce scarring postoperatively and promote regeneration of the normal endometrium.[1][11][12][13]

Devices to prevent the apposition of the uterine walls may also reduce scar formation. The devices are placed intraoperatively but need to be monitored carefully to reduce the unintended risk of atrophy of the wall due to pressure from the device.

Experimental protocols to rebuild the endometrium by infusing stem cells derived from the patient may provide some promise in the future. These stem cells may be derived from the patient's blood cells, fresh or freeze-dried amniotic tissue, or other sources. However, further studies are needed to confirm the safety, efficacy, and risks associated with these protocols. 

Although adhesive gels containing synthetic hyaluronidase have been studied and shows promise in reducing the recurrences of the adhesions, evaluation of these studies have not confirmed their benefit. 

Reevaluation one to two weeks postoperatively may allow earlier identification of recurrent adhesions while small and allow resection before these adhesions worsen.

• Thyroid disease
• Hypothalamic dysfunction
• Pituitary dysfunction
• Androgen-secreting ovarian/adrenal tumors
• Polycystic ovarian disease
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Cervical stenosis
• Premature menopause

The American Fertility Society classifies the severity of the disease in three stages as follow:

• Mild disease: few filmy adhesions involving less than a third of the uterine cavity with normal menses or hypomenorrhea.
• Moderate disease: filmy and dense adhesions, the involvement of one-third to two-thirds of cavity and hypomenorrhea.
• Severe Disease: dense adhesions involving more than two-thirds of the cavity with amenorrhea.

The chances of conceiving and delivery after surgery are lower in patients with moderate to severe disease but may improve after surgery if the cavity can be reconstructed and menses recur. Although a normal-appearing uterine cavity may be seen after repeated surgeries, rebuilding a normal endometrial lining may lag for some time after surgery or may not reoccur. 

Asherman's syndrome can result in repetitive pregnancy loss/abortions despite surgery and treatment.[5] Recurrence of the adhesions can be seen even after adhesiolysis.[10]

Although the risk of endometrial cancer in women with Asherman syndrome may be lower than the general population, women with Asherman may develop endometrial cancer before or after menopause. Since the signs and symptoms often found in these women (early or abnormal bleeding, thickened endometrium) may be missed due to the scarring or cervical obstruction; therefore, these women may benefit from a routine sonographic evaluation of the endometrium to monitor changes.[2][14]

Asherman's syndrome can result in obstetric complications that include preterm labor, Low birth weight(LBW), and placental complications that include retained placenta and placenta accreta.[10]

Even though the prevention of Asherman's syndrome being challenging, patients should be educated regarding the usage of contraception and the contraceptive methods available, which will ultimately play a significant role in reducing the rates of legal abortions, thus minimizing curettage. [10]

It has been inferred that Asherman’s syndrome has a constitutional component, explaining why it occurs only in a fraction of the individuals undergoing endometrial instrumentation and also explaining its occurrence in individuals without any preceding endometrial trauma. Besides, there appears to be a vulnerable time in the postpartum period when the process of curettage is likely to incite maximal damage to the endometrium, especially the basalis layer, resulting in a higher rate of adhesion formation. This period includes the second, third, and fourth postpartum weeks.[5][15]

Although Dilatation and curettage (D&C) being the most frequently used intervention for removing Retained products of conception(RPOC), Hysteroscopic resection, in comparison, is associated with lower rates of intrauterine adhesion formation. Hysteroscopic resection gives the advantage of direct visualization of the uterine chamber, thus allowing the removal of RPOC with minimal damage to the endometrium.[16]

The diagnosis and management of Asherman syndrome is often difficult and requires an interprofessional team that includes an obstetrician, gynecologist, and a radiologist. Asherman syndrome should be treated by a surgeon experienced with hysteroscopy, sometimes with sonographic or laparoscopic guidance.

These patients should be closely followed by the nurse practitioner and primary caregiver as they may develop endometrial cancer before or after menopause.