A chalazion usually presents as a painless swelling on the eyelid for weeks or months before the patient seeks medical treatment. Often a chalazion causes impaired vision or discomfort or becomes inflamed, painful, or infected. Frequently, the patient will have a history of previous similar lesions, as chalazia tend to recur in predisposed individuals.

Because chalazion is largely a clinical diagnosis, the chief complaint must be examined thoroughly to exclude other possible diagnoses, requiring a more involved workup. Typical history questions should cover the character of the lesion, the speed of onset, progression of the lesion, aggravating/alleviating factors, associated symptoms, and history of similar lesions. Lesions that recur in a particular location require workup to exclude carcinoma. Travel history is important to obtain as well, particularly patient visits to regions endemic for tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. Case reports have identified these as etiologies mistaken for chalazion.[3][4] Further history should be evaluated for visual changes, recent infections, recent antibiotics, skin infections, trauma to the lid, toxic exposures, immunocompromised status, history of cancer or history of/exposure to tuberculosis. Symptoms point to a diagnosis other than a chalazion include acute visual changes or eye pain that recurs in the same location, fever, extraocular movement limitations, and diffuse eyelid or facial swelling.

Physical findings consistent with chalazion include a palpable, usually non-tender (though in acute inflammation there may be some associated tenderness), non-fluctuant, non-erythematous nodule on the eyelid. The chalazion would be expected to be less than 1 cm in size. It presents more often on the upper lid as a single lesion, though multiple lesions are possible. Chalazia tend to be deeper within the lid than hordeolum. Hordeolum are usually tender, superficial, and centered on an eyelash. The eyelid should be everted as part of the examination to evaluate for an internal chalazion. Visual acuity should be assessed. If there is a pain of the globe, fluorescein staining can evaluate for an associated corneal abrasion.

The diagnosis of a chalazion is usually clinical. If history and examination are consistent, no further workup is required. If there is a question of an alternative diagnosis, a biopsy should be considered.

Conservative management is the initial strategy for chalazia.[5] Warm compresses should be applied to the affected lid for 15 minutes 2 to 4 times per day. Lid massage and possibly using baby shampoo on the lids can also be effective. Most chalazia resolve within one month with these conservative measures. If symptoms persist beyond one month, a referral to ophthalmology is recommended. There have been case reports of migration of the lesion with conservative management. [6]  If this occurs, referral to ophthalmology for surgical management is suggested. There is potential for larger central lesions to cause complications, so earlier referral for surgical management should be considered in these cases as well. Antibiotics are not routinely needed as this is an inflammatory condition. However, there may be times when an associated infectious etiology is suspected. If an infection is considered, tetracyclines are the antibiotics of choice. Doxycycline 100 mg by mouth twice daily for 10 days or minocycline 50 mg by mouth daily for 10 days would be reasonable options. In patients unable able to take tetracycline, metronidazole is the preferred alternative. If there is no evidence of infection, intralesional steroids could be used. Injection of 0.2 to 2 mL of triamcinolone 40 mg/mL solution would be a typical choice. Larger lesions may require a repeat injection in 2 to 7 days. Persistent lesions require surgical intervention. Smaller lesions may be treated with surgical curettage and dissection. Larger lesions require a more extensive excision. Recurrent chalazia should be biopsied to rule out sebaceous cell carcinoma.

While less common than chalazion, neoplasms must be considered, particularly in recurrent chalazia in the elderly. Carcinoma such as a sebaceous cell, basal cell, and squamous cell must be ruled out by biopsy if there is a clinical concern. Infectious etiologies such as blepharitis, dacryocystitis, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, molluscum contagiosum, Leishmaniasis, and cellulitis should be considered and treated when appropriate. Benign lesions such as papillomas, hordeolum, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and xanthelasma should be considered if appearance is not typical for chalazia.[7]

Prognosis is excellent for patients with chalazia. There is often resolution with conservative management.[8]

Untreated chalazia can predispose patients to preseptal cellulitis, which can lead to lid disfiguration with progression. Large central chalazia can cause visual disturbances due to the effects of direct contact with the cornea. Upper lid chalazion increases astigmatism and corneal aberrations, especially at the peripheral cornea. This risk is significantly increased by chalazion greater than 5 mm in size. Therefore excision of these lesions should be considered.[9][10]

As discussed above, complicated, large or non-responding chalazia should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist. 

There is no specific preventive strategy for avoiding chalazia, although cleaning the eyelids regularly and using warm compresses are thought to have some preventative effects. [11]

Remember that chalazia themselves are an inflammatory, not an infectious process. Antibiotics are only indicated if there is evidence of an associated infectious process. The majority of chalazia respond very well to conservative management. Ophthalmology should be consulted for recurrent or refractory chalazia.[5]

Chalazia are often encountered in clinical practice by nurse practitioners, primary care providers, internists, and emergency department physicians. While the majority of these lesions can be managed conservatively, it is important to refer the patient to the ophthalmologist if the lesion is recurrent, infected or causing visual problems. Most healthcare professionals do not have the technical expertise to surgically manage these lesions. The prognosis for chalazion is excellent. Most resolve with conservative treatment.[5][12] (Level V)