Memantine is an antagonist of the NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)-receptor subtype of glutamate receptor. It is used to slow the neurotoxicity thought to be involved in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.[1] Memantine blocks the NMDA-receptor subtype of glutamate receptors preventing over-activation of glutamine receptors while allowing the normal activity. Its blocking effects antagonize an overactive glutaminergic system in the central nervous system (CNS) which is thought to be involved in the neurotoxicity seen in Alzheimer disease.[2][3]
Pharmacologic Class
Description
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Indication[4]
Other Uses (non-FDA approved)
Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
Role of Memantine in Alzheimer Dementia
Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-beta protein an intracellular neurofibrillary tangle composed of hyperphosphorylated protein in the brain. There is a decrease in acetylcholine synthesis and impaired cortical cholinergic function in patients with Alzheimer dementia. So cholinesterase inhibitors (like donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) in dementia provide symptomatic relief by inhibiting cholinesterase at synaptic cleft and increasing cholinergic transmission. However, the mechanism of action of memantine is distinct from those of cholinergic agents and is proposed to be neuroprotective. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. One of the receptors activated by glutamate is the NMDA receptor which is essential for processes like learning and memory. Excessive activation of NMDARs been shown to be associated with neuronal loss/damage contributing to various acute and chronic neurological disorders including dementia. However physiological NMDA-receptor activity is also needed for normal neuronal function. Any agents that block all NMDA-receptor activity will have unacceptable clinical side effects. Memantine, through its action as an uncompetitive, low-affinity, open-channel blocker (uncompetitive antagonist of extrasynaptic NMDAR), preferentially enters the receptor-associated ion channel when it is excessively open, and hence, does not interfere with normal synaptic transmission. By doing so, it prevents or protects against further damage from neuronal cell death induced by excitotoxicity. Therefore, memantine is used for the treatment of Alzheimer dementia in combination with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.[2]
Memantine is an uncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors in the CNS. Alzheimer disease is believed to be caused by overstimulation of glutamate, the primary excitatory amino acid in the CNS, resulting in excitotoxicity and neuronal degeneration. The NMDA receptor is a voltage-gated cation channel that in the physiologic unstimulated state is blocked by magnesium ions. Stimulated magnesium is displaced allowing calcium influx and activation. In Alzheimer disease, there is pathologic overstimulation of the receptor causing it to be in a chronically active state. Memantine helps to counteract the excessive stimulation.[1]
Memantine also exhibits antagonist activity at the serotonergic type 3 (5-HT3) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It has no activity at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), benzodiazepine, dopamine, adrenergic, histamine, or glycine receptors or for voltage-dependent calcium, sodium, or potassium channels.[1]
Starting Dosage
Target Dosage
Titration
Titration Schedule
Switching from Immediate-Release (IR) to Extended-Release (ER)
Missed Dosage
Special Population
Dosage Forms[3]
Administration
Storage
Most common in clinical trials: Dizziness, headache, confusion, diarrhea, and constipation[5]
Others: Fatigue, pain, hypertension, weight gain, hallucination, confusion, aggressive behavior, vomiting, abdominal pain, urinary incontinence
Uncommon (Post-marketing surveillance, clinical trials, or case reports):
Patients with hypersensitivity to memantine hydrochloride or any agents used in the formulation.
Warning/Precautions[5]
No routine monitoring required for toxicity.
Monitoring Efficacy
Pharmacokinetics
Onset
Time to peak concentrations
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Time to Peak Concentrations
Terminal Elimination Half-Life
There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease and the few drugs available are only for mild cognitive impairment. Prescribers of memantine should be aware that the drug can worsen the symptoms of dementia. Hence, these patients should be closely monitored by the pharmacist, mental health nurse, psychiatrist and the primary care provider reporting complications to the primary team leader. The response to memantine is mild and most patients do not show any real benefit.[6][7][8]
[1] | The neuropharmacological basis for the use of memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease., Rogawski MA,Wenk GL,, CNS drug reviews, 2003 Fall [PubMed PMID: 14530799] |
[2] | The glutamatergic system and neurodegeneration in dementia: preventive strategies in Alzheimer's disease., Cacabelos R,Takeda M,Winblad B,, International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 1999 Jan [PubMed PMID: 10029935] |
[3] | Wong KH,Riaz MK,Xie Y,Zhang X,Liu Q,Chen H,Bian Z,Chen X,Lu A,Yang Z, Review of Current Strategies for Delivering Alzheimer's Disease Drugs across the Blood-Brain Barrier. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Jan 17; [PubMed PMID: 30658419] |
[4] | Kennedy RE,Cutter GR,Fowler ME,Schneider LS, Association of Concomitant Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors or Memantine With Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 2018 Nov 2; [PubMed PMID: 30646339] |
[5] | Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial., Ditzler K,, Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1991 Aug [PubMed PMID: 1781796] |
[6] | Narayan SW,Pearson SA,Litchfield M,Le Couteur DG,Buckley N,McLachlan AJ,Zoega H, Anticholinergic medicines use among older adults before and after initiating dementia medicines. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2019 May 2; [PubMed PMID: 31046175] |
[7] | McShane R,Westby MJ,Roberts E,Minakaran N,Schneider L,Farrimond LE,Maayan N,Ware J,Debarros J, Memantine for dementia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2019 Mar 20; [PubMed PMID: 30891742] |
[8] | Reeve E,Farrell B,Thompson W,Herrmann N,Sketris I,Magin PJ,Chenoweth L,Gorman M,Quirke L,Bethune G,Hilmer SN, Deprescribing cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in dementia: guideline summary. The Medical journal of Australia. 2019 Mar; [PubMed PMID: 30771226] |