A patient's history plays a significant role in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. An extensive history, over multiple years, is helpful. An in-depth review of the patient's activities, including occupation and hobbies, is key in the identification of a source for the dermatitis. Close attention should be given to the products and objects of personal use (e.g., cosmetics, hair dyes, fragrances, eyeglasses, clothing, jewelry). The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis increases with age but does not spare any age group. Nickel allergy dermatitis is often a diagnosis that will require multiple visits within the healthcare system. Physical examination findings can include lesions consisting of erythema, induration, scaling plaques, vesicles, bullae, and edema in the acute phase. The spectrum of physical findings can progress to include dryness, scaling, hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, lichenification, and fissuring in the subacute or chronic phases.

Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is clinical, based on obtaining a good history and physical examination. A positive nickel contact history with physical exam findings consistent with a nickel allergy dermatitis should allow for the formulation of the diagnosis. Laboratory and radiographic testing are not typically required and generally offer little to the workup. The need for additional workup should be determined on a case-by-case basis and is likely to occur in conjunction with an immunologist or dermatologist. Patch testing can help confirm suspected cases and identify additional allergens.

The key element of appropriate treatment and management of allergic contact dermatitis due to nickel allergy is the identification and removal of the source object. Identifying the source may require a log of all daily exposures, an intense review of these exposures, and is likely to require multiple visits within the healthcare system. Providing patients with a list of objects that may be high in nickel is helpful as they may not realize conventional household products contain the metal.  Nickel test kits are commercially available and may be useful in the identification of potential sources. If the patient is determined to have a nickel allergy, management begins with avoidance of repeat exposure, as this is the most effective treatment option. It is important for patients to avoid scratching as it can lead to excoriation and increases the risk of infection. Patients should also avoid foods that are routinely high in nickel content, such as cocoa, chocolate, oatmeal, various nuts, and legumes.[2] In cases where avoidance is ineffective or not entirely possible, consider adding barriers (e.g., creams, emollients, gloves) and perform frequent washing, remembering to moisturize to prevent breaks in the skin.  For cases not improved by the conservative measures listed above, the first-line pharmacologic therapy utilized is topical corticosteroids, beginning with low potency agents and advancing therapies as indicated. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) are an alternative therapy available. Treatment is unlikely to require oral corticosteroids, but they can be considered in intractable cases. Several studies have suggested the improvement of scaling and frequency of flares in patients taking disulfiram for dermatitis. However, the extensive side effect profile of disulfiram limits this medication's ability to become mainstream therapy.[9][10][11] In cases of nickel allergies that are resistant to the above therapeutic modalities, referral to dermatology may be beneficial. There seems to be evidence suggesting a benefit from probiotics in patients with GI disturbances related to nickel allergy.[12]

Life-threatening allergic reactions and anaphylaxis should be ruled out in the beginning. Once the stability of the patient is confirmed, consideration for other causes of allergic contact dermatitis, e.g., plants, cosmetics, skin lotions, soaps, detergents, may begin. Assess for skin and soft tissue infections. Consider fungal infections - diagnosis by potassium hydroxide preparation of skin scrapings. There should also be consideration for underlying inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis - these can mimic and increase the risk for allergic contact dermatitis due to nickel allergy.[4]

The overall prognosis for nickel allergy is excellent.

A nickel allergy rarely causes significant complications unless the offending agent is left to irritate the patient continually or if the patient develops openings in the skin. The skin may become excoriated and broken, leading to an increased risk of infection. The skin breaks and infections can lead to the development of a superimposed infection (cellulitis). Cellulitis can complicate the treatment plan for the patient, and topical corticosteroids may limit the patient's local immune response to fight the cellulitis. Treatment of the skin infection must be completed along with the removal of the offending agent to allow the skin to heal properly.

It is unlikely any consultations will be needed, but consider referral to dermatology in therapy-resistant cases. If there is a concern for any underlying inflammatory conditions (such as ulcerative colitis), referral to specialists may be deemed necessary.

Patient education will center around avoidance of nickel, including identifying potential exposure sources and lifestyle modifications. Avoidance is the single best way to deter nickel allergy dermatitis. Additional education should be provided on appropriate skincare and wound healing, including instructions regarding the treatment of existing lesions, and the importance of not scratching the lesions to avoid excoriations and an increased risk for infection.

As with other allergic contact dermatitides, identification of nickel allergy can be challenging. It may be helpful for patients to create a list of daily exposures, including soaps, medications, lotions, etc., starting with the most recent additions. Unfortunately, often an underlying cause of symptoms is never identified. Nickel allergy is likely one of the more identifiable causes as it tends to be more localized to common areas of exposure - low midline abdomen due to belt buckles, wrists due to watches, and ears due to earrings.

The location of a rash and thorough history are the keys to makings a diagnosis of nickel allergy. Information such as a recently purchased piece of jewelry may lead to the discovery of an identifiable and treatable cause. Often, the patient will have multiple healthcare visits across specialties until a trigger for the contact dermatitis is identified. While it is unlikely there will be much direct communication between specialties for suspected allergic contact dermatitis, good documentation of patient visits, and lists of exposures may help improve timely identification.