There are 4 compartments of the leg, of which the deep posterior compartment is where the popliteus resides. Other muscles that are also in the deep posterior compartment accompanying the popliteus are the following:

• Flexor hallucis longus: Originates at the distal portion of the fibula and inferior interosseus membrane and inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe. It is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2) and functions to support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Contraction also flexes the great toe and serves as a secondary plantar flexor. 
• Flexor digitorum longus: Originates posteromedial aspect of the tibia and broad tendon of the fibula. Insertion is seen at the distal phalanges of digits 2 to 5 and is also innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2). It supports longitudinal arches, enables plantarflexion of the ankle and flexion of toes 2 through 4
• Tibialis posterior: Originates from the interosseous membrane, posterior tibial surface inferior to the soleal line, and posterior fibular surface. The tibialis posterior inserts at the tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus in addition to the bases of metatarsals 2 to 4. Innervated by the tibial nerve (L4 to L5). This muscle is a major plantar flexor and inverter of the ankle.

Occasionally, a small sesamoid bone called a cyamella can be seen embedded in the popliteal tendon. Sesamoid bones are accessory bones typically found in muscles or tendons that assist in physiologic function. The cyamella is located in the tendon inferior to the joint line or at the musculotendinous junction which is superior to the joint line. Articulation can be seen with the lateral condyle of the tibia and is naturally close to the fibular head. This variant does not usually become physically impairing, but they can cause pain mimicking a posterolateral meniscal tear.[11]

The popliteus minor and peroneal tibialis muscles are uncommonly seen in relation to the popliteus. The popliteus minor, if present, can be found medial to the plantaris and inserts onto the posterior ligament of the knee. The peroneal tibialis is also seen in a limited portion of the general population. When present, it can be found lying below the popliteus, medial to the fibular head, and extending to the superior portion of the oblique line of the tibia. Both structures have a very limited discussion in the current literature.

Total Knee Replacement

Although the most recent reports still cite that up to 1 in 5 patients remain dissatisfied following TKA, the risks of patient-reported dissatisfaction can be mitigated by selectively operating on patients that have had other potentially relevant clinical pathologies like hip and/or back conditions ruled out as confounding pain generators. Success following TKA results in significant improvements in patient-reported pain and functional outcome scores in the short- and long-term postoperative periods [12].  One reason for unexplained persistent knee pain following total knee replacement is secondary to popliteal impingement on the femoral component during total knee range of motion.

Mechanical symptoms can develop following this major operation due to interaction with femoral components of the prosthesis. Ultrasound-guided injections are used to confirm the diagnosis and may be used therapeutically if the patient finds consistent relief, however, there is a higher infection risk with injecting around a prosthetic knee.[13] Ultimately, the patient may benefit from popliteal tendon release due to extensive scar tissue development of the tendon following a total knee replacement.[14]

Another consideration that may also be taken to avoid popliteal tendon dysfunction is the actual size of the prosthesis. The variation in the size of femoral and tibial components, even if fitted appropriately, can result in popliteal tendon impingement. Studies have shown that normalized or oversized tibial components can cause abnormal physiologic function of the popliteus through the arc of motion of the lower extremity. Undersized tibial component showed no change in pre-surgical physiological motion.[15]

Approaches to the Knee

Several approaches to the posterolateral corner of the knee have been described in the literature concerning popliteal tendon repair. The historic, more common approach has been an open repair, but arthroscopic techniques have been developed in recent years. The popliteal tendon insertion is intracapsular, so when an open approach is undergone, a capsulotomy must be performed. One must consider the possible complications due to exposure such as wound drainage, intraarticular sinus formation, infection, and stiffness. Arthroscopy certainly comes with risk as does any operation; however, this approach may limit the mentioned complications.[16]

Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries

The popliteus is most often injured as part of an associated posterolateral corner (PLC) knee injury.  PLC injuries occur secondary to 

• Direct blows to the anteromedial knee
• Varus blows to the flexed knee
• Varus/Hyperextension, (contact or non-contact injuries)
• Knee dislocations

In any setting of these aforementioned injuries, urgent evaluation of the patient's neurovascular status of the limb is performed.  In the setting of knee dislocations, the vascular status of the limb is assessed, followed by closed reduction of the knee joint.  The vascular status is then reassessed, typically utilizing Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) measurements.  Patients should be admitted for serial observations, and in some situations, either an external fixator must be placed by the orthopedic surgeon, or a vascular repair is performed by the trauma/vascular surgeon on call.  With respect to the latter two modalities, the external fixator is placed prior to the vascular repair in order to optimize the stability of the knee/limb prior to performing the potentially limb-saving vascular repair.

PLC knee injuries are clinically examined utilizing the following exam maneuvers:

• Varus stress at 0 degrees of knee extension: positive laxity indicates injury to the LCL and one of the cruciate ligaments (ACL or PCL)
• Varus stress at 30 degrees of knee extension: positive laxity at 30 degrees indicates injury only to the LCL (much more rare)
• Dial test: External rotation is compared between the normal and injuries lower extremity.  External rotation asymmetry (> 10 degrees) of the affected side compared to the normal side at 30 degrees only is indicative of PLC injury; If the external rotation asymmetry persists at 90 degrees as well, this would suggest a combined injury to the PLC and PCL

Isolated Popliteus Injuries

The Garrick test can assist in assessing popliteus etiology of the lateral knee pain. The Garrick test consists of the patient lying supine with hips and knees flexed to 90 degrees with subsequent resisted internal rotation and passive external rotation of the knee. If either elicits pain, then the test is considered positive and may suggest popliteal etiology, although accuracy has not been evaluated. Symptoms can be reproduced by downhill running with exaggerated stride length. Ultrasound imaging and MRI may also be helpful in confirming the diagnosis.[17] 

Popliteus tendinopathy is a condition presenting as posterolateral knee pain that can be difficult to single out due to other more common knee pain etiologies in the vicinity. The popliteus serves to inhibit excessive tibial rotation and prevent significant anterior translation of the knee. This mechanism can be pathologically overcome secondary to excessive sprinting or running downhill.  Clinicians should advise patients to avoid terrain that has exacerbated their symptoms. They may re-introduce physical activity by running on flat surfaces such as a treadmill, but those who have a more difficult recovery may benefit from a course of physical therapy or home exercise program. NSAID medication or cryotherapy may be added to the patient's regimen which could be beneficial during the recovery phase. Lunge exercises also have been shown to improve stabilization of the knee and may increase in weight resistance as pain allows. It is important to gradually increase the workload on the lower extremity to avoid re-injury or exacerbation that may lead to a chronic problem.[18]

Most of these injuries heal without further issue or complication. Recovery time may take anywhere from 3 to 16 weeks and can resume full physical activity without restriction after completing a functional assessment. Professional functional assessment has been found to be more reliable in terms of return to restrictionless activity than a set time.