The procedure can be performed by a variety of professionals including general surgery, neurosurgery, podiatry, orthopedics, and others. A team approach is always recommended for optimal patient outcomes.

All less invasive methods must be exhausted before performing the sural nerve biopsy due to the morbidity associated with the procedure.

Comprehensive patient history and physical exam should be performed, including the identification of nerves affected and functional ability. 

Laboratory workup should include a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, rheumatologic panel, as well as lab tests tailored towards specific diagnoses. For example, if vasculitic neuropathy is suspected, inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), urinalysis, and others may be ordered.  Additionally, if diabetic peripheral neuropathy is suspected a hemoglobin A1c level, glucose level, kidney function, and other markers should be ordered.

Nerve conduction velocity testing and advanced imaging (such as ultrasound or MRI to potentially identify diseased nerve segments) should be ordered or performed.[10] Consultation with the patient's other managing services such as neurologists or neurosurgeons can assist in establishing the highest possible level of care. 

Finally, the patient should be educated regarding the risks, benefits, and expected outcomes after the procedure to establish reasonable expectations in the post-operative state.

Typically, the procedure begins at the posterior aspect of the fibula. A modified approach has been described in the proximal calf to minimize complications.[11] The patient can be positioned prone for ease of access to the posterior/lateral leg.  

The area between the Achilles tendon and posterior border of the fibula is marked approximately 5 to 7 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus. An incision is made, and the lesser saphenous vein is identified. The vein is then retracted superficially to expose the sural nerve.  

At this point, the surgeon may harvest the entire nerve, or fascicular portions depending on pathological requirements. Bevilacqua et al. recommend a biopsy of the entire nerve if the pathology may not involve all of the fascicles, and the patient's symptoms are severe. Likewise, if the patient's symptoms are minimal and the pathology may be localized in the fascicles, then a fascicular biopsy should be performed.[1]

For a complete nerve biopsy, untied sutures are placed into both ends of the nerve, and the nerve is transected above these sutures. The nerve is then removed using these sutures as a sling to avoid nerve compression.  For a fascicular biopsy, the nerve is partially transected and sent using similar techniques. Care should be taken to avoid compression or curling of the nerve during harvesting and fixation. Individual laboratories vary on specimen fixation techniques required; therefore, guidance is necessary for local facilities.

During a fascicular biopsy, the surgeon can attempt a repair after harvest by carefully matching nerve patterns and performing an end-to-end repair of remaining structures under a microscope.[12]  Many products, including collagen-based conduits and nerve-wraps, are available in an attempt to decrease morbidity and risks of neuroma formation after the procedure.[13]

One prospective study looked at 50 patients who underwent a sural nerve biopsy. Their findings were that the biopsy changed the diagnosis in 14% of cases, and altered management in 60% of cases.[14] Further, 33% of patients reported an increase in pain at six months; however, one study of 16 patients reported complete resolution in post-surgical pain following both fascicular and whole nerve biopsy.[14][15] This study also reported that the main complaining symptom five years after both whole and fascicular biopsy was tactile induced dysesthesias located to the sural nerve distributional area.[15]

Reduced sensation in the sural nerve distribution occurred in 18.4% of patients who underwent a whole nerve biopsy (n=717).[16] Sensation loss has been shown not to differ based on whether patients had a fascicular or whole nerve biopsy.[15]

With the proper pre-operative workup, management of patient expectations, and specimen analysis with highly experienced pathologists, a sural nerve biopsy offers valuable insight into a patient's cause of neuropathy. Although not without morbidity, the sural nerve biopsy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of certain conditions such as peripheral nerve vasculitis.[10]

In 2010, the Peripheral Nerve Society published guidelines on performing and evaluating the nerve biopsy. Their Class IV recommendations are as follows [17]:

1. The biopsy should only be performed after exhaustion of lab testing, electrophysiological findings, and thorough clinical investigation
2. All providers involved should have a good working relationship as well as the open sharing of information in regards to the patient.
3. The specimens should be evaluated by those with training and expertise in the matter
4. The laboratory performing the analysis should have the ability to interpret frozen and fixed sections
5. Although not necessary, additional tests that may be useful are immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, fiber analysis, and others.

Proper labeling and handling of the surgical specimen are crucial for ensuring optimal patient outcomes. Proper specimen handling, identification, documentation, and transportation to the laboratory should be standardized, and OR staff should be trained in this process.[18] 

Patients should be monitored in the immediate post-operative setting for acute complications such as hemodynamic instability, one of the main predictors of deterioration.[19]  Guidelines and patient safety milestones reached prior to discharge vary by individual facility, and the nursing staff should be trained in these prior to the procedure.