Halorubrum

Halorubrum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Kingdom:
Euryarchaeota
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Halobacteria
Order:
Halobacteriales
Family:
Halobacteriaceae
Genus:
Halorubrum

McGenity and Grant 1996
Species
Synonyms
  • Halorubrobacterium Kamekura and Dyall-Smith 1996

Halorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae. Halorubrum species can be found in the Dead Sea, Lake Zabuye and other waters with high salt concentration.

Genetic exchange

A population of the haloarchaea Halorubrum in its natural high salt concentration environment exchanged genetic information frequently by recombination.[1] This population exhibited a degree of linkage equilibrium approaching that of a sexual population.

Taxonomy

In taxonomy, Halorubrum is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.[2]

Species

Halorubrum ejinorense was first isolated from Lake Ejinor in Inner Mongolia, China.[3]

Halorubrum lacusprofundi was first isolated in the 1980s from Deep Lake, Antarctica.[4] Its genome, sequenced in 2006, consists of two chromosomes (one 2.74 Mb and the other 0.53 Mb) and one plasmid (0.43 Mb).[5] Its β-galactosidase enzyme has been extensively studied to understand how proteins function in low-temperature, high-saline environments.[6][7] One strain of H. lacusprofundi contains a plasmid for horizontal gene transfer, which takes place via a mechanism that uses vesicle-enclosed virus-like particles.[8]

Halorubrum sodomense was first identified in the Dead Sea in 1980. It requires a higher concentration of Mg2+ ions for growth than related halophiles.[9] Its cell surface membrane contains Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3), a photoreceptor protein which harvests the energy from sunlight to establish a proton motive force that is used for ATP synthesis.[10][11] Mutants of AR3 are widely used as tools in optogenetics for neuroscience research.[12]

Halorubrum tibetense was first isolated from Lake Zabuye in Tibet, China.[13]

Halorubrum xinjiangense was first isolated from Xiao-Er-Kule Lake in Xinjiang, China.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Papke RT, Koenig JE, Rodríguez-Valera F, Doolittle WF (December 2004). "Frequent recombination in a saltern population of Halorubrum". Science. 306 (5703): 1928–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1928P. doi:10.1126/science.1103289. PMID 15591201. S2CID 21595153.
  2. ↑ See the NCBI webpage on Halorubrum. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  3. ↑ Castillo AM, Gutiérrez MC, Kamekura M, Xue Y, Ma Y, Cowan DA, Jones BE, Grant WD, Ventosa A (2007). "Halorubrum Ejinorense Sp. Nov., Isolated From Lake Ejinor, Inner Mongolia, China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (11): 2538–2542. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65241-0. PMID 17978215.
  4. ↑ Franzmann PD, Stacklebrandt E, Sanderson K, Volkman JK, Camberon DE, Stevenson PL, McMeekin TA, Burton HR (1998). "Halobacterium lacusprofundii sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from Deep Lake, Antarctica". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 11 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(88)80044-4.
  5. ↑ Anderson IJ, DasSarma P, Lucas S, Copeland A, Lapidus A, Del Rio T, Tice H, Dalin E, Bruce DC, Goodwin L, Pitluck S, Sims D, Brettin TS, Detter JC, Han CS, Larimer F, Hauser L, Land M, Ivanova N, Richardson P, Cavicchioli R, DasSarma S, Woese CR, Kyrpides (2006). "Complete genome sequence of the Antarctic Halorubrum lacusprofundi type strain ACAM 34". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 11 (1): 70. doi:10.1186/s40793-016-0194-2. PMC 5018182. PMID 27617060.
  6. ↑ Karan R, Capes MD, DasSarma P, DasSarma S (2013). "Cloning, Overexpression, Purification, and Characterization of a Polyextremophilic β-galactosidase From the Antarctic Haloarchaeon Halorubrum lacusprofundi". BMC Biotechnol. 13: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-3. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-13-3. PMC 3556326. PMID 23320757.
  7. ↑ Laye VJ, Karan R, Kim JM, Pecher WT, DasSarma P, DasSarma S (2017). "Key amino acid residues conferring enhanced enzyme activity at cold temperatures in an Antarctic polyextremophilic β-galactosidase". PNAS. 114 (47): 12530–35. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711542114. PMC 5703305. PMID 29109294.
  8. ↑ Erdmann S, Tschitschko B, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Cavicchioli R (9 September 2017). "A plasmid from an Antarctic haloarchaeon uses specialized membrane vesicles to disseminate and infect plasmid-free cells". Nature Microbiology. 2 (10): 1446–1455. doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0009-2. PMID 28827601. S2CID 38729395.
  9. ↑ Oren A (1983). "Halobacterium sodomense sp. nov. a Dead Sea Halobacterium with an extremely high magnesium requirement". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 33 (2): 381–386. doi:10.1099/00207713-33-2-381.
  10. ↑ Ihara K, Umemura T, Katagiri I, Kitajima-Ihara T, Sugiyama Y, Kimura Y, Mukohata Y (January 1999). "Evolution of the archaeal rhodopsins: evolution rate changes by gene duplication and functional differentiation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 285 (1): 163–74. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2286. PMID 9878396.
  11. ↑ Bada Juarez JF, Judge PJ, Adam S, Axford D, Vinals J, Birch J, Kwan TO, Hoi KK, Yen HY, Vial A, Milhiet PE, Robinson CV, Schapiro I, Moraes I, Watts A (2021). "Structures of the archaerhodopsin 3 transporter reveal that disordering of internal water networks underpins receptor sensitization". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 629. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..629B. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20596-0. PMC 7840839. PMID 33504778.
  12. ↑ Flytzanis NC, Bedbrook CN, Chiu H, Engqvist MK, Xiao C, Chan KY, Sternberg PW, Arnold FH, Gradinaru V (2014). "Archaerhodopsin variants with enhanced voltage-sensitive fluorescence in mammalian and Caenorhabditis elegans neurons". Nature Communications. 5: 4894. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4894F. doi:10.1038/ncomms5894. PMC 4166526. PMID 25222271.
  13. ↑ Fan H, Xue Y, Ma Y, Ventosa A, Grant WD (2004). "Halorubrum tibetense sp. nov., a novel haloalkaliphilic archaeon from Lake Zabuye in Tibet, China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (4): 1213–1216. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03032-0. PMID 15280294.
  14. ↑ Feng J, Zhou PJ, Liu SJ (2004). "Halorubrum xinjiangense sp. nov., a novel halophile isolated from saline lakes in China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (5): 1789–1791. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63209-0. PMID 15388744.

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