Karoshi

A "No More Karoshi" protest in Tokyo, 2018
Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+)

Karoshi (過労死, Karōshi), which can be translated literally as "overwork death", is a Japanese term relating to occupational sudden mortality. The most common medical causes of karoshi deaths are heart attacks or strokes due to stress and a starvation diet. Mental stress from the workplace can also cause karoshi through workers taking their own lives. People who commit suicide due to overwork are called karōjisatsu (過労自殺). The phenomenon of death by overwork is also widespread in other parts of Asia. 745,194 deaths worldwide were attributable to long working hours in 2016, based on WHO/ILO data.[1]

History

The first case of karoshi was reported in 1969 with the stroke-related death of a 29-year-old male worker in the shipping department of Japan's largest newspaper company.[2] The term was coined in 1978 to refer to an increasing number of people suffering from fatal strokes and heart attacks attributed to overwork. A book on the issue in 1982 brought the term into public usage.[3]

It was not until the mid to late 1980s, during the Bubble Economy, when several high-ranking business executives who were still in their prime years suddenly died without any previous sign of illness, that the term emerged into Japanese public life. This new phenomenon was immediately seen as a new and serious menace for people in the work force. In 1987, as public concern increased, the Japanese Ministry of Labour began to publish statistics on karoshi.

In 1988, the Labor Force Survey reported that almost one fourth of the male working employees worked over 60 hours per week (equivalent of over two-and-a-half days), which is 50% longer than a typical 40-hour (equivalent of a day and a half) weekly working schedule. Realizing the seriousness and widespread nature of this emerging problem, a group of lawyers and doctors set up "karoshi hotlines" that are nationally available, dedicating to help those who seek consultation on karoshi-related issues.[4]

Japan's rise from the devastation of World War II to economic prominence and the huge war reparations they have paid in the post-war decades have been regarded as the trigger for what has been called a new epidemic. It was recognized that employees cannot work for 12 or more hours a day, 6–7 days a week, year after year, without suffering physically as well as mentally. It is common for the overtime to go unpaid.[5][6]

In an International Labour Organization article about karoshi,[7] the following four typical cases of karoshi were mentioned:

  1. Mr. A worked at a major snack food processing company for as long as 110 hours a week (equivalent of four days and a half) and died from a heart attack at the age of 34. His death was recognized as work-related by the Labour Standards Office.
  2. Mr. B, a bus driver, whose death was also recognized as work-related, worked 3,000 hours a year (equivalent of four months). He did not have a day off in the 15 days before he had a stroke at the age of 37.
  3. Mr. C worked in a large printing company in Tokyo for 4,320 hours a year including night work (equivalent of nearly six months, thus half a year) and died from a stroke at the age of 58. His widow received workers' compensation 14 years after her husband's death.
  4. Ms. D, a 22-year-old nurse, died from a heart attack after 34 hours of continuous duty five times a month.

As well as physical pressure, mental stress from the workplace can cause karoshi. People who commit suicide due to mental stress are called karōjisatsu (過労自殺). The ILO also lists some causes of overwork or occupational stress that include the following:

  1. All-night, late-night or holiday work, both long and excessive hours. During the long-term economic recession after the collapse of the bubble economy in the 1980s and 1990s, many companies reduced the number of employees. The total amount of work, however, did not decrease, forcing each employee to work harder.
  2. Stress accumulated due to frustration at not being able to achieve the goals set by the company. Even in economic recession, companies tended to demand excessive sales efforts from their employees and require them to achieve better results. This increased the psychological burden placed on the employees at work.
  3. Forced resignation, dismissal, and bullying. For example, employees who worked for a company for many years and saw themselves as loyal to the company were suddenly asked to resign because of the need for staff cutbacks.
  4. Suffering of middle management. They were often in a position to lay off workers and torn between implementing a corporate restructuring policy and protecting their staff.

Karoshi Hotline

In a 1988 report published by the Karoshi Hotline Network, the majority of the clients who consulted were not workers, but the wives of the workers who had either died because of karoshi or were at high risk of doing so.[8] This indicated that those who were stressed out by work either did not realize the cause was overworking or were under social pressure to not express it explicitly by seeking help.

The Karoshi Hotline received the highest number of calls when it was first established in 1988. From 1988 to 1990, there were a total number of 1806 calls received. From 1990 to 2007, the number of calls received per year decreased, but still maintained an average of 400 calls per year.[9]

Effects on society

Suicide can be induced by overwork-related stresses or when businessmen are laid off from their jobs.[10] The deceased person's relatives demand compensation payments when such deaths occur. Life insurance companies started putting one-year exemption clauses in their contracts.[10] They did this so that the person must wait one year to commit suicide in order to receive the money.[10]

There is a new movement of Japanese workers, formed as a result of karoshi. Young Japanese are choosing part-time work, contrary to older Japanese who often work overtime. This is a new style of career choice for the young Japanese people who want to try out different jobs in order to figure out their own potential. These individuals work for "hourly wages rather than regular salaries,"[11] and are called "freeters." The number of freeters has increased throughout the years,[11] from 200,000 in the 1980s to about 400,000 in 1997.[11]

Freeters undergo a special kind of employment, defined by Atsuko Kanai as those who are currently employed and referred to as "part-time workers or arbeit (temporary workers), who are currently employed but wish to be employed as part time workers, or who are currently not in the labor force and neither doing housework nor attending school but wish to be employed as part-time workers."[12]

Government policies

To provide a strategic plan on how to decrease the rate of karoshi, the National Institute of Health proposed the establishment of a comprehensive industrial health service program to reduce karoshi and other disease caused by work-related stress in its 2005 annual report. The program requires communal efforts from three different groups, the government, the labour unions and employers, and the employees. The government, as the policy maker, should promote shorter working hours, make health services readily accessible, encourage voluntary health examination and enhance the effectiveness of medical care. As the group that is more closely involved with the everyday health of employees, labour unions and employers should strive to implement and comply with government policies that focus on reducing work overtime and create a better work environment. The employees themselves should recognize their needs to take rests promptly and take preventative measures as needed.[13]

As a formal response to this proposal, the Industry Safety and Health Act was revised in 2006. The Act established various terms that focus on work-related health issues, including mandatory health checks and consultations with professional medical personnel for employees who work long hours and have a higher possibility of having work related illness.[14]

Corporate response

A number of companies have been making an effort to find a better work–life balance for their employees. Toyota, for example, now generally limits overtime to 360 hours a year (an average of 30 hours monthly), and, at some offices, issues public address announcements every hour after 7 p.m. pointing out the importance of rest and urging workers to go home. Nissan offers telecommuting for office workers to make it easier to care for children or elderly parents.[6] Dozens of large corporations have also implemented "no overtime days", which require employees to leave the office promptly at 5:30 p.m. In 2007, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust & Banking, a division of Japan's largest banking group, started to allow employees to go home up to 3 hours early to care for children or elderly relatives. As of January 5, 2009, just 34 of the company's 7,000 employees had signed up for the plan.[6]

In February 2017, the Japanese Government launched a campaign called "Premium Friday" asking companies to allow their workers to leave at 3pm on the last Friday of the month. The initiative is part of an attempt to address the punishingly long hours many Japanese are expected to work, prompted by the suicide of a 24-year-old employee at the advertising firm Dentsu who was doing more than 100 hours' overtime in the months before her death. While some major companies, such as Honda, the drink maker Suntory and the confectioner Morinaga, have adopted the optional scheme, others are less enthusiastic about the prospect of a mid-afternoon staff exodus. A survey of 155 big companies by the Nikkei business newspaper showed that 45% had no immediate plans to implement the scheme, with 37% saying they had either decided to enter into the spirit of Premium Friday or had plans to do so.[15]

China

In China, the analogous "death by overwork" concept is guolaosi (simplified Chinese: 过劳死; traditional Chinese: 過勞死), which in 2014 was reported to be a problem in the country.[16] In Eastern Asian countries, like China, many businessmen work long hours and then feel the pressures of expanding and pleasing their networks. Making these connections is called building guanxi. Connections are a big part of the Chinese business world, and throughout different parts of China, businessmen would meet up in teahouses to take their job outside of the work atmosphere. It was important for businessmen to broaden their guanxi relationships, especially with powerful officials or bosses.[17]

There is a lot of pressure to go to these nightclubs almost every night to drink heavily to move up in the business world.[18] It has been shown that this kind of work could lead to health related problems down the line. For example, a businessman named Mr. Pan discussed with John Osburg, an anthropologist who wrote "Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China's New Rich," about his health and the need to continue working. Mr. Pan, the 'biggest boss in Chengdu,' was in the hospital for 'excessive drinking.' This has happened to him before. Mr. Pan said, "I can't stop or slow down. I have many people whose livelihoods depend on me (literally 'depend on me to eat.'). I've got about fifty employees and even more brothers. Their livelihoods depend on my success. I have to keep going."[19]

South Korea

In South Korea, the term gwarosa (과로사, hanja: 過勞死, alternatively romanised as kwarosa) is also used to refer to death by overworking. South Korea has some of the longest working hours in the world, even more so than Japan with the average being 42.[20] This has caused many workers to feel the pressure of their jobs which has taken a toll on both their physical and mental health. Many have died from being overworked and the issue has only begun to gain more national attention due to many government workers having died from gwarosa.[21] In 2018, the South Korean government enacted a law cutting working hours from 68 to 52.[22]

Media attention

The French-German TV channel Arte showed a documentary called "Alt in Japan" (Old in Japan) on 6 November 2006 dealing with older workers in Japan. In 2008, karoshi again made headlines: a death back in 2006 of a key Toyota engineer who averaged over 80 hours overtime each month was ruled the result of overwork. His family was awarded benefits after his case was reviewed.[23]

Taiwanese media have reported a case of karoshi.[24] An engineer had worked for Nanya Technology for 3 years from 2006 to 2009. It was found that he died in front of his computer which was surrounded by company documents. The prosecution found that the engineer had died of cardiogenic shock. The engineer's parents said that he had usually worked for 16–19 hours a day. CNN shows another reported case of karoshi in Taiwan.[25] This short clip called "The Dangers of Overwork" shows a man who suffered a stroke and was left for three hours until taken to the hospital.[25] It was made known that physicians are starting to make people more aware of these health deficits due to overwork. More people have been visiting their doctor, recognizing signs and symptoms of overwork.[25]

See also

Japan
  • Japanese management culture
  • Japanese work environment
  • Black company (Japanese term)
  • Suicide in Japan
  • Japanese labour law
General

Notes

  1. ↑ Pega, Frank; Náfrádi, Bálint; Momen, Natalie C.; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai N.; Prüss-Üstün, Annette M.; Descatha, Alexis; Driscoll, Tim; Fischer, Frida M.; Godderis, Lode; Kiiver, Hannah M.; Li, Jian; Magnusson Hanson, Linda L.; Rugulies, Reiner; Sørensen, Kathrine; Woodruff, Tracey J.; Woodruff, T. J. (2021-09-01). "Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury". Environment International. 154: 106595. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595. ISSN 0160-4120. PMC 8204267. PMID 34011457.
  2. ↑ Katsuo Nishiyama and Jeffrey V. Johnson (February 4, 1997). "Karoshi-Death from overwork: Occupational health consequences of the Japanese production management". International Journal of Health Services. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. ↑ "So, What is Karoshi Actually?". Japan Intercultural Consulting. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021. A book on the subject was published in 1982.
  4. ↑ Marioka, Koji (2004). "Work Till You Drop". New Labor Forum. 13 (1): 80–85. doi:10.1080/10957960490265782. JSTOR 40342456.
  5. ↑ Japanese salarymen fight back The New York Times - Wednesday, June 11, 2008
  6. 1 2 3 Recession Puts More Pressure on Japan's Workers Business Week, January 5, 2009 Archived January 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Case Study: Karoshi: Death from overwork". 23 April 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Kato, Tetsuro (1994). "The Political Economy of Japanese 'Karoshi' (Death from Overwork)". Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 26 (2): 41–54. JSTOR 43294355.
  9. ↑ Karoshi Hotline: National Defense Counsel for Victims of KAROSHI. "Karoshi Hotline Results". http://karoshi.jp/english/results.html
  10. 1 2 3 Adelstein, Jake. "Killing Yourself To Make A Living: In Japan Financial Incentives Reward "Suicide"". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 Dasgupta, Romit (2005). Salarymen doing straight: Heterosexual men and the dynamics of gender conformity. New York: Routledge. p. 170.
  12. ↑ Kanai (2008). Karoshi (Work to Death) in Japan.
  13. ↑ Araki, Shunichi; Iwasaki, Kenji (2005). "Death Due to Overwork (Karoshi): Causation, health service, and life expectancy of Japanese males" (PDF). Japan Medical Association Journal. 48 (2): 92–98. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Industrial Safety and Health Act (Act No. 57 of 1972) https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/isha.pdf. Accessed: 22 Jan, 2018.
  15. ↑ McCurry, Justin (2017-02-24). "Premium Fridays: Japan gives its workers a break – to go shopping". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
  16. ↑ Oster, Shai (30 June 2014). "Is Work Killing You? In China, Workers Die at Their Desks". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.
  17. ↑ Osburg, John (2013). Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality among China's New Rich. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 24.
  18. ↑ Osburg, John (2013). Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China's New Rich. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 140.
  19. ↑ Osburg, John (2013). Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China's New Rich. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 141.
  20. ↑ "E-나라지표 지표조회상세".
  21. ↑ Ko Dong-hwan (27 February 2017). "[K-Terminology] Koreans being overworked to death in 'kwarosa'". Korea Times.
  22. ↑ Haas, Benjamin (1 March 2018). "South Korea cuts 'inhumanely long' 68-hour working week". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  23. ↑ "Man, 45, died of overwork, Japanese labor bureau says". 10 July 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  24. ↑ "月加班 百小時 29歲工程師過勞死 - 蘋果日報". 26 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  25. 1 2 3 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "CNN: The Dangers of Overwork".
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