Opalozoa

Opalozoa
Opalina ranarum, an opalozoan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Bigyra
Subphylum: Opalozoa
Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov. 2006[1]
Infraphyla and classes[1]

Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic protists of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista.[2][1] Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrate animals.[3]

Taxonomy

History: phylum Opalozoa

In 1993 the name “Opalozoa” referred to a group of protists that was very different from what it is now. It was a phylum composed of many unrelated zooflagellates, grouped together because of the common presence of tubular mitochondrial cristae and the lack of cortical alveoli or rigid tubular ciliary hairs (retronemes). It also included the opalinids, proteomyxids and plasmodiophorids.[4]

Modern classification

The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to order level, is as follows:[1]

  • Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov. 2006 emend. 2018
    • Infraphylum Bikosia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
      • Class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986
        • Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith, 2006 orth. emend.
          • Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. stat. nov. 2006
            • Order Bicoecida Grassé, 1926
            • Order Anoecida Cavalier-Smith, 1997 emend. 2006
            • Order Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd, 1985 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 2006
          • Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith, 2006
            • Order Borokida Cavalier-Smith, 2006
        • Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
    • Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith, 2013
      • Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith, 2006 stat. nov. 2013 [paraphyletic]
        • Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye, 2002
          • Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye, 2002 [=Placidae Cavalier-Smith, 2006]
        • Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 2013
        • Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 2013
      • Superclass Opalinata Wenyon, 1926 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1996 stat. nov. 2006
        • Class Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. 2013
          • Order Proteromonadida Grassé, 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
          • Order Opalinida Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Hall, 1953 emend. Cavalier-Smith
        • Class Blastocystea Zierdt et al., 1967
  • Opalozoa incertae sedis:
    • Pendulomonas Tong, 1977
    • Bordnamonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013

Phylogeny

The cladogram below shows the internal relationships of Opalozoa.[1]

Opalozoa
Placidozoa
Opalinata

Opalinea

Blastocystea

Opalomonadea  

Nanomonadea

Placididea

Bikosea

Pseudodendromonadida

Bicoecida

Anoecida

Borokida

Rictida

References

Wikispecies has information related to Opalozoa.
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
  2. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. S2CID 254085270.
  3. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Y. (2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8. PMID 16557340. S2CID 29567514.
  4. 1 2 Cavalier-Smith T (September 1993). "The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa". Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x. S2CID 84129692.
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