Protein S

PROS1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPROS1, PROS, PS21, PS22, PS23, PS24, PS25, PSA, THPH5, THPH6, protein S (alpha), protein S
External IDsOMIM: 176880 MGI: 1095733 HomoloGene: 264 GeneCards: PROS1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5627

19128

Ensembl

ENSG00000184500

ENSMUSG00000022912

UniProt

P07225

Q08761

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000313
NM_001314077

NM_011173

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000304
NP_001301006

NP_035303

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 93.87 – 93.98 MbChr 16: 62.85 – 62.93 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Protein S (also known as PROS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene.[5][6] Protein S plays a role in coagulation.

History

Protein S is named for Seattle, Washington, where it was originally discovered and purified[7] by Earl Davie's group in 1977.[8]

Structure

Protein S is partly homologous to other vitamin K-dependent plasma coagulation proteins, such as protein C and factors VII, IX, and X. Similar to them, it has a Gla domain and several EGF-like domains (four rather than two), but no serine protease domain. Instead, there is a large C-terminus domain that is homologous to plasma steroid hormone-binding proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin. It may play a role in the protein functions as either a cofactor for activated protein C (APC) or in binding C4BP.[9][10]

Additionally, protein S has a peptide between the Gla domain and the EGF-like domain, that is cleaved by thrombin. The Gla and EGF-like domains stay connected after the cleavage by a disulfide bond. However, protein S loses its function as an APC cofactor following either this cleavage or binding C4BP.[11]

Function

The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa. Only the free form has cofactor activity.[12]

Protein S binds to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain. This property allows Protein S to facilitate the removal of cells that are undergoing apoptosis, a form of structured cell death used by the body to remove unwanted or damaged cells. In healthy cells, an ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-dependent enzyme removes negatively charged phospholipids such as phosphatidyl serine from the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. An apoptotic cell (that is, one undergoing apoptosis) no longer actively manages the distribution of phospholipids in its outer membrane and hence begins to display negatively charged phospholipids on its exterior surface. These negatively charged phospholipids are recognized by phagocytes such as macrophages. Protein S binds to the negatively charged phospholipids and functions as a bridge between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. This bridging expedites phagocytosis and allows the cell to be removed without giving rise to inflammation or other signs of tissue damage.

Protein S also binds to the nascent complement complex C5,6,7 and prevents this complex from inserting into a membrane. This function prevents the inappropriate activation of the complement system, which would cause uncontrolled systemic inflammation. In fact, Protein S was first discovered in 1977 in this role and it is named after the membrane site that it occupies in the complex.[13]

Pathology

Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency which is a rare blood disorder which can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis.[14][15]

Interactions

Protein S has been shown to interact with Factor V.[16][17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184500 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022912 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Lundwall A, Dackowski W, Cohen E, Shaffer M, Mahr A, Dahlbäck B, Stenflo J, Wydro R (September 1986). "Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (18): 6716–20. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.6716L. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.6716. PMC 386580. PMID 2944113.
  6. ↑ Long GL, Marshall A, Gardner JC, Naylor SL (January 1988). "Genes for human vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins C and S are located on chromosomes 2 and 3, respectively". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1007/BF01535052. PMID 2829367. S2CID 31236887.
  7. ↑ "Protein S deficiency". UpToDate. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  8. ↑ Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, M; Prchal, J; Levi, M; Press, O; Burns, L; Caligiuri, M (2015). Williams Hematology. McGraw-Hill. p. 1926.
  9. ↑ Stenflo J (1999). "Contributions of Gla and EGF-like domains to the function of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors". Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression. 9 (1): 59–88. doi:10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.v9.i1.50. PMID 10200912.
  10. ↑ Rosner W (Dec 1991). "Plasma steroid-binding proteins". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 20 (4): 697–720. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30240-8. PMID 1778174.
  11. ↑ Dahlbäck B, Lundwall A, Stenflo J (Jun 1986). "Primary structure of bovine vitamin K-dependent protein S". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 83 (12): 4199–203. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.4199D. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4199. PMC 323699. PMID 2940598.
  12. ↑ Castoldi E, Hackeng TM (September 2008). "Regulation of coagulation by protein S". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 15 (5): 529–36. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e328309ec97. PMID 18695379. S2CID 11522770.
  13. ↑ Podack, Eckhard; Kolb, William; Müller-Eberhard, Hans (1977). "The SC5b-7 complex: formation, isolation, properties, and subunit composition". J. Immunol. 119 (6): 2024–2029. PMID 410885.
  14. ↑ Beauchamp NJ, Dykes AC, Parikh N, Campbell Tait R, Daly ME (June 2004). "The prevalence of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population". Br. J. Haematol. 125 (5): 647–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04961.x. PMID 15147381. S2CID 705661.
  15. ↑ García de Frutos P, Fuentes-Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N (September 2007). "Molecular basis of protein S deficiency". Thromb. Haemost. 98 (3): 543–56. doi:10.1160/th07-03-0199. PMID 17849042.
  16. ↑ Heeb, M J; Kojima Y; Rosing J; Tans G; Griffin J H (Dec 1999). "C-terminal residues 621-635 of protein S are essential for binding to factor Va". J. Biol. Chem. UNITED STATES. 274 (51): 36187–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36187. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10593904. S2CID 45995946.
  17. ↑ Heeb, M J; Mesters R M; Tans G; Rosing J; Griffin J H (Feb 1993). "Binding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C". J. Biol. Chem. UNITED STATES. 268 (4): 2872–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53854-0. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8428962.

Further reading

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