Tintinnid

Tintinnid
Scientific classification
Clade: SAR
Infrakingdom: Alveolata
Phylum: Ciliophora
Class: Spirotrichea
Subclass: Choreotrichia
Order: Tintinnida
Kofoid & Campbell, 1929

Tintinnids are ciliates of the choreotrich order Tintinnida, distinguished by vase-shaped shells, the name deriving from a Latin source meaning a small tinkling bell, that are called loricae, which are mostly protein but may incorporate minute pieces of minerals.[1]

Fossil record

Fossils resembling tintinnid loricas in shape and size, Calpionellids, appear as early as the Ordovician period but are formed of calcite and as no extant ciliate taxa forms calcite shells they are unlikely to be tintinnids and probably not ciliates at all.[2] Fossils which can be reliably related to extant tintinnids (e.g. fossils of agglutinated lorica) are in the fossil record during the Jurassic but do not become abundant until the Cretaceous.[3] Tintinnids are an important part of the fossil record because of the rarity with which most other ciliates become preserved under the conditions of the marine environment. The loricae of some tintinnids are easily preserved, giving them a relatively good fossil record.

Adaptation of a cut-away drawing of Tintinnopsis campanula by Fauré-Fremiet (1924) showing basic tintinnid morphology. Tintinnid taxonomy classically is based on characteristics of the lorica or shell. Species in the same genus share similar lorica architecture. For example, species in the genus Tintinnopsis all have lorica covered with small mineral particles, one end is closed, and do not have any clear (hyaline) spines or collars as part of the lorica.

Description

Haeckel Ciliata

Tintinnid loricas or shells show an amazing variety of styles. They were among the many planktonic microorganisms featured in Ernst's Haeckel's classic work popularizing the beauty of the natural world "Art forms in Nature" (Kunstformen der Natur).

Like other protists, tintinnids are complex single-celled eukaryotic organisms. Tintinnids are heterotrophic aquatic organisms. They feed primarily on photosynthetic algae and bacteria.[4] They are part of the microzooplankton (between 20 and 200 micrometres in size). Tintinnids are found in marine and freshwaters. However, they are most common in salt water and are usually present in concentrations of about 100 a liter but can reach abundances of several thousand per litre.[5] Characteristics of their lorica, or shells, are classically used to distinguish the roughly 1000 species described. However, in recent years application of histological and molecular techniques have led to many taxonomic revisions.[6]

Many species appear to have wide distributions (for example from the Chesapeake Bay to New Caledonia) while others are restricted to certain areas, such as arctic waters or coastal seas.[7] Nonetheless, in any given locale dozens of species can be found. Like other members of the microzooplankton (such as oligotrich ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, radiolarians, etc.), tintinnids are a vital link in aquatic food chains as they are the 'herbivores' of the plankton. They feed on phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) and in turn act as food for larger organisms such as copepods (small crustaceans) and larval fish.[8]

The color image on the right is a specimen of Dictyocysta mitra from the Bay of Villefranche in the Mediterranean Sea. The hair-like projections pointing out of the top of the shell are the cilia of the cell. The cilia generate a water flow across the mouth of the cell, bringing food into contact and move the tintinnid. Their swimming pattern is rather 'jumpy'- or dancing- they are part of the 'choreotrichs' which means dancing hairs from their swimming behaviour and cilia.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Agatha, S; Laval-Peuto, M; Simon, P (2012). "The tintinnid lorica". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 17–41. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  2. ↑ Remane, J. (1985). "Calpionellids". In Bolli, H. M.; Saunders, J. B.; Perch-Nielsen, K. (eds.). Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 555–572.
  3. ↑ Lipps, J. H.; Stoeck, T.; Dunthorn, M. (2012). "Fossil tintinnids". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 186–197. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  4. 1 2 Montagnes, D. J. S. (2012). "Ecophysiology and behavior of tintinnids". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 85–121. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  5. ↑ McManus, G. B.; Santoferrara, L. F. (2012). "Tintinnids in microzooplankton communities". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 198–213. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  6. ↑ Agatha, S.; Strûder-Kypke, M. C. (2012). "Systematics and Evolution of tintinnid ciliates". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 42–84. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  7. ↑ Dolan, J. R.; Pierce, R. W. (2012). "Diversity and distributions of tintinnds". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 214–243. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
  8. ↑ Stoecker, D. K. (2012). "Predators of tintinnids". The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates : models for marine plankton. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955-. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 122–144. ISBN 9780470671511. OCLC 793006266.
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