Abortion law

Legality of abortion by country or territory

Legal on request:
	No gestational limit
	Gestational limit after the first 17 weeks
	Gestational limit in the first 17 weeks
	Unclear gestational limit
Legally restricted to cases of:
	Risk to woman's life, to her health, rape, fetal impairment*, or socioeconomic factors
	Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment
	Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment
	Risk to woman's life, to her health, or rape
	Risk to woman's life or to her health
	Risk to woman's life
	Illegal with no exceptions
	No information
* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category

Note: In some countries or territories, abortion laws are modified by other laws, regulations, legal principles or judicial decisions. This map shows their combined effect as implemented by the authorities.

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population.

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization (WHO), abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,^[1]^[2] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.^[3] Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.^[1]^[2]

History

Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt.^[4] Early texts contain no mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 20th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements, also referred to as "pro-life" movements, were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the first half of 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin's administration, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country.^[5]^[6] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920 the Soviet regime legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.^[7] In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.^[8]^[9]^[6] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In 1948, abortion was legalized in Japan, 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.^[10]

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. [...] The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."^[11] (See also: Islam and abortion).

Timeline of abortion on request

The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of January 2022, 64 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Notes

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included (e.g., leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico and the United Kingdom). Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalized	Countries	Countries per year	Cumulative countries
1955	( Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)	15	15
1965	Cuba	1	16
1973	Denmark Tunisia^[12] United States^{[lower-alpha 2]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	3	19
1974	Singapore Sweden	2	21
1975	Austria France^{[lower-alpha 4]} Vietnam^{[lower-alpha 2]}	3	24
1977	( Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)	6	30
1978	Italy Luxembourg	2	32
1979	Norway^{[lower-alpha 5]}^{[lower-alpha 6]}	1	33
1980	China^[15]^{[lower-alpha 7]}^{[lower-alpha 8]}^{[lower-alpha 9]}	1	34
1983	Turkey	1	35
1984	Netherlands^{[lower-alpha 10]}	1	36
1986	Cape Verde Greece	2	38
1987	( Czech Republic Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia)^{[lower-alpha 11]}	2	40
1988	Canada	1	41
1989	Mongolia^[22]	1	42
1990	Belgium Bulgaria Romania	3	45
1992	Germany^{[lower-alpha 12]}	1	46
1995	Guyana	1	47
1996	Albania^{[lower-alpha 13]}	1	48
1997	Cambodia South Africa	2	50
2002	Nepal Switzerland	2	52
2007	Portugal	1	53
2010	Spain	1	54
2012	São Tomé and Príncipe^[24] Uruguay	2	56
2015	Mozambique^{[lower-alpha 14]}	1	57
2018	Cyprus	1	58
2019	Iceland Ireland^{[lower-alpha 15]}	2	60
2020	New Zealand	1	61
2021	Argentina^{[lower-alpha 16]} South Korea Thailand	3	64

International law

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.^[28]

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.^[29] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),^[30] Argentina (2021),^[27] and in parts of Mexico.^[31]^[32] Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.^[29]

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.^[33] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.^[33] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019,^[34] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in the United States, Canada, most European countries and China.^[34]

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.^[34]^: 26

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. For example, in Finland, where abortions are not granted based merely on a woman's request, approval for each abortion must be obtained from two doctors (or one in special circumstances).^[35] The vast majority, 90% of abortions in Finland are performed for socio-economic reasons.^[36] How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.^[37]

Summary tables

Legend
permitted	In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age. If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".
permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited, with complex legality or practice
prohibited
unknown, or unclear

Independent countries

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,^[38] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries^[38]
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Abkhazia^[39]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Afghanistan	permitted^{[lower-alpha 17]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 17]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 17]}	prohibited
Albania^[23]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Algeria^[46]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Andorra	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 18]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Angola^{[lower-alpha 19]}	permitted	permitted	16 weeks	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Antigua and Barbuda^[51]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 20]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 21]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Argentina^[27]	no limit	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks	14 weeks
Armenia^[54]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Artsakh^[55]	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Australia^[56] [subdivisions]	no limit	permitted	varies^{[lower-alpha 22]}	permitted	permitted	varies^{[lower-alpha 23]}^{[lower-alpha 22]}
Australian Capital Territory^[59]^[60]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Christmas Island^{[lower-alpha 24]}	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Cocos Islands^{[lower-alpha 25]}	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Jervis Bay Territory^{[lower-alpha 26]}	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New South Wales^[64]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Norfolk Island^{[lower-alpha 27]}	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Northern Territory^[66]^[57]	no limit	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	prohibited
Queensland^[67]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
South Australia^{[lower-alpha 22]}	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited
Tasmania^[72]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks
Victoria^[73]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	24 weeks
Western Australia^[74]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Austria^[75]	no limit	no limit	3 months^{[lower-alpha 28]}	no limit	3 months^{[lower-alpha 28]}	3 months^{[lower-alpha 28]}
Azerbaijan^[76]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Bahamas^[77]	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 29]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bahrain	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 30]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 30]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 30]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 30]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 30]}
Bangladesh	no limit	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 31]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 31]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 31]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 31]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 31]}
Barbados^[80]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Belarus^{[lower-alpha 32]}	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Belgium^[84]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 33]}	no limit	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 33]}	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 33]}
Belize	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	permitted	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Benin^[86]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	prohibited
Bhutan^{[lower-alpha 34]}	180 days	180 days^{[lower-alpha 35]}	180 days	180 days^{[lower-alpha 35]}	prohibited	prohibited
Bolivia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 36]}	prohibited	prohibited
Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Brčko District^{[lower-alpha 37]}	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina^{[lower-alpha 37]}	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Republika Srpska^[92]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks
Botswana^[93]	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Brazil	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 38]}	prohibited	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 38]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 38]}	prohibited	prohibited
Brunei^[98]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bulgaria^[99]	no limit	20 weeks	permitted	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Burkina Faso^[100]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Burundi	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 39]}	prohibited
Cambodia^[102]	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Cameroon^[103]	permitted	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Canada^{[lower-alpha 40]} [subdivisions]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Alberta	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
British Columbia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks and 6 days
Manitoba	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
New Brunswick	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Newfoundland and Labrador	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	15 weeks
Northwest Territories	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
Nova Scotia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Nunavut	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Ontario	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
Prince Edward Island	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Quebec	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks
Saskatchewan	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	18 weeks and 6 days
Yukon	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Cape Verde^[106]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Central African Republic	8 weeks	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 41]}	8 weeks	8 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Chad	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Chile^[108]	no limit	prohibited	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 42]}	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
China^{[lower-alpha 7]}^[109]^[110]^{[lower-alpha 9]}	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Colombia	no limit^{[lower-alpha 43]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 43]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 43]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 43]}	prohibited	prohibited
Comoros^[113]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Congo	permitted^{[lower-alpha 44]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Costa Rica	permitted	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 45]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Croatia^[117]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Cuba^[118]^[119]	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	35 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Cyprus^[120]	permitted	permitted	19 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Czech Republic^[121]^[122]	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 46]}	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo	permitted^{[lower-alpha 47]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 48]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 48]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 48]}	prohibited	prohibited
Denmark^[126]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 49]}
Djibouti^[127]^[128]^[129]	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 29]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominica^[130]	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 50]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominican Republic^[132]	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 51]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
East Timor^{[lower-alpha 52]}	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ecuador	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 53]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Egypt^[140]^[141]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
El Salvador^[142]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Equatorial Guinea^[143]	12 weeks	12 weeks	unclear	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Eritrea^[144]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 54]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 54]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 54]}
Estonia^[145]	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 55]}	22 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 55]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 55]}
Eswatini^[146]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Ethiopia^[147]^[148]^[149]	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 56]}	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Fiji^[151]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Finland^[35]^{[lower-alpha 57]}	20 weeks	20 weeks	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
France^{[lower-alpha 58]}	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 59]}	no limit	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 59]}	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 59]}
Gabon^[154]	10 weeks	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 60]}	10 weeks	10 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gambia^[155]^[156]^[157]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Georgia^[158]^[159]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Germany	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 61]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 61]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 61]}
Ghana	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Greece^[162]	no limit	no limit	19 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 62]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 62]}
Grenada^[163]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guatemala^[164]^[165]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea-Bissau	permitted^{[lower-alpha 63]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guyana^[168]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	8 weeks^{[lower-alpha 64]}	8 weeks^{[lower-alpha 64]}
Haiti^{[lower-alpha 65]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 66]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Honduras^[170]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hungary	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 67]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 67]}	20 weeks^{[lower-alpha 68]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 67]}	prohibited
Iceland^[172]	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	permitted	22 weeks
India^[173]^[174]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 69]}	24 weeks	prohibited
Indonesia^[175]	no limit	prohibited	6 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Iran^[176]^[177]^[178]	4 months	4 months	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 70]}	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Iraq	permitted^{[lower-alpha 71]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 72]}	prohibited	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 72]}	prohibited	prohibited
Ireland^[184]	viability^{[lower-alpha 73]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 73]}	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Israel	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 74]}	prohibited
Italy^[186]	no limit	viability	90 days	90 days	90 days	90 days
Ivory Coast	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 75]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 75]}	prohibited	prohibited
Jamaica	permitted^{[lower-alpha 76]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 77]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Japan^[193]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	22 weeks	prohibited
Jordan^[194]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kazakhstan^[195]^[196]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Kenya^[197]^[198]	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 78]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kiribati^[201]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kosovo^[202]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Kuwait^[203]	permitted	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Kyrgyzstan^[204]^[205]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Laos	permitted^{[lower-alpha 79]}	28 weeks^{[lower-alpha 79]}	28 weeks^{[lower-alpha 79]}^[209]	28 weeks^{[lower-alpha 79]}	28 weeks^{[lower-alpha 79]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 79]}
Latvia^[210]^[211]	permitted	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Lebanon^[212]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lesotho^[213]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Liberia^[214]	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Libya^[215]^[216]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Liechtenstein^[217]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lithuania^[218]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 80]}	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 80]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 80]}
Luxembourg^[219]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Madagascar	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 81]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malawi^[223]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malaysia^[224]	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Maldives^{[lower-alpha 82]}	no limit	prohibited	120 days	120 days^{[lower-alpha 83]}	prohibited	prohibited
Mali^[229]^[230]	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 29]}	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malta	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 84]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Marshall Islands^[233]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 66]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritania^[234]^[235]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 66]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritius^[236]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mexico^[237] [subdivisions]	varies^{[lower-alpha 85]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 86]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 86]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Aguascalientes	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Baja California^[240]	permitted	12 weeks	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Baja California Sur	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Campeche	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Chiapas	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Chihuahua	permitted	permitted	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Coahuila	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 88]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 88]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 88]}
Colima^[241]^[242]	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Durango	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Guanajuato	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Guerrero	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Hidalgo^[243]	permitted	permitted	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Jalisco	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Mexico City^[244]^[245]	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Mexico State	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Michoacán	permitted	permitted	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Morelos	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Nayarit	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Nuevo León	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Oaxaca^[246]	permitted	permitted	3 months^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Puebla	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Querétaro	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Quintana Roo	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
San Luis Potosí	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Sinaloa	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Sonora	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Tabasco	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Tamaulipas	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Tlaxcala	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Veracruz^[247]	permitted	permitted	90 days^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Yucatán	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	permitted	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Zacatecas	permitted	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 87]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 86]}
Micronesia	permitted^{[lower-alpha 66]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Moldova^[248]	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 89]}
Monaco	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mongolia	23 weeks	23 weeks	permitted	permitted	14 weeks	14 weeks
Montenegro^[249]	32 weeks	32 weeks	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Morocco^{[lower-alpha 90]}	no limit	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Mozambique	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 91]}	12 weeks	12 weeks
Myanmar^[255]^[256]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Namibia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nauru^[257]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Nepal^[258]	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Netherlands^{[lower-alpha 92]}	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Zealand^[259]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	20 weeks
Nicaragua	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nigeria [subdivisions]	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Abia	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Adamawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Akwa Ibom	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anambra	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bauchi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bayelsa	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Benue	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Borno	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cross River	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Delta	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ebonyi	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Edo	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ekiti	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Enugu	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Federal Capital Territory	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Gombe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Imo	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Jigawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kaduna	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kano	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Katsina	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kebbi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kogi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kwara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lagos	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Nasarawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ogun	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ondo	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Osun	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oyo	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Plateau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Rivers	permitted	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 93]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sokoto	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taraba	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Yobe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zamfara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Cyprus^[262]^[263]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
North Korea	permitted^{[lower-alpha 94]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 94]}	unclear^{[lower-alpha 94]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 94]}	unclear^{[lower-alpha 94]}	unclear^{[lower-alpha 94]}
North Macedonia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 95]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 95]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 95]}	12 weeks
Norway^{[lower-alpha 5]}	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Oman	permitted^{[lower-alpha 96]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 96]}	prohibited	120 days^{[lower-alpha 96]}	prohibited	prohibited
Pakistan^[274]^[275]	no limit	organ formation^{[lower-alpha 97]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palau	permitted^{[lower-alpha 98]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palestine	permitted^{[lower-alpha 99]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 99]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 99]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 99]}	prohibited	prohibited
Panama^[284]^[285]	no limit	prohibited	2 months	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Papua New Guinea^[286]	permitted	prohibited^[287]^[288]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Paraguay^[289]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Peru^[290]	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Philippines	permitted^{[lower-alpha 100]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Poland^[293]	no limit	no limit	13 weeks	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 101]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 102]}	prohibited
Portugal^[296]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Qatar^[297]^[298]	no limit	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Romania^[299]	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	14 weeks
Russia^[300]^[301]^[302]	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Rwanda^[303]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Kitts and Nevis	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 103]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Lucia^[306]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines^[307]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Samoa^[308]	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
San Marino^{[lower-alpha 104]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 105]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
São Tomé and Príncipe^[24]	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Saudi Arabia^[313]	no limit	4 months	prohibited^[314]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Senegal^[315]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 66]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Serbia^[316]^[317]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Seychelles	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 106]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 106]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 106]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 106]}	prohibited	prohibited
Sierra Leone	permitted^{[lower-alpha 107]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 107]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Singapore^[327]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Slovakia^[328]^[329]	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 108]}	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Slovenia^[330]	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Solomon Islands^[331]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Somalia^[332]^[333]^{[lower-alpha 109]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 110]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
South Africa	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
South Korea^{[lower-alpha 111]}	permitted	24 weeks	24 weeks	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 112]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 112]}
South Ossetia^[339]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
South Sudan^[340]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Spain^[341]	22 weeks	22 weeks	14 weeks	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 113]}	14 weeks	14 weeks
Sri Lanka^[342]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sudan^[343]	no limit	prohibited	90 days^{[lower-alpha 114]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Suriname	permitted^{[lower-alpha 115]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sweden^[345]	no limit	no limit	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks
Switzerland^[346]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Syria^[347]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taiwan^[348]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Tajikistan^[349]	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Tanzania^{[lower-alpha 116]}	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 117]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Thailand^[353]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Togo^[354]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Tonga	permitted^{[lower-alpha 118]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Transnistria^[357]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 119]}	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 119]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 119]}
Trinidad and Tobago	permitted^{[lower-alpha 120]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 120]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tunisia^[12]	no limit	no limit	3 months	no limit	3 months	3 months
Turkey^[361]^[362]^[363]	no limit	10 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Turkmenistan^[364]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	5 weeks
Tuvalu^[365]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Uganda	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Ukraine^[366]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 121]}	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 121]}
United Arab Emirates	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	16 weeks^{[lower-alpha 122]}	prohibited	prohibited
United Kingdom [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 123]}	no limit	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 123]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 124]}
England^[374]	no limit	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 123]}	no limit	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 123]}	prohibited
Northern Ireland^[373]	no limit	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 123]}	no limit	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 123]}	12 weeks
Scotland^[374]	no limit	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 123]}	no limit	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 123]}	prohibited
Wales^[374]	no limit	no limit	permitted^{[lower-alpha 123]}	no limit	24 weeks^{[lower-alpha 123]}	prohibited
United States^[375]^[376] [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 125]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 125]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 125]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 125]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 125]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}
Alabama	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Alaska	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Arizona	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Arkansas^[379]^[380]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
California	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Colorado	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Connecticut	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Delaware	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
District of Columbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Florida	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Georgia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
Hawaii	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Idaho^[381]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Illinois	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Indiana	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Iowa	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kansas	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kentucky^[382]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Louisiana^[383]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Maine	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Maryland	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
Massachusetts	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
Michigan	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Minnesota	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Mississippi	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	20 weeks	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	20 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	20 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Missouri^[384]	no limit	no limit	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Montana	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Nebraska	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Nevada	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Hampshire	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Jersey	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Mexico^[385]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New York	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Carolina	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Dakota^[386]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Ohio	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Oklahoma	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Oregon	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Pennsylvania	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Rhode Island	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
South Carolina	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
South Dakota^[387]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Tennessee^[388]	no limit	no limit	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Texas^{[lower-alpha 127]}	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	heartbeat or viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	heartbeat or viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	heartbeat or viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}	heartbeat or viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}^{[lower-alpha 3]}
Utah^[390]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Vermont	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Virginia	no limit	no limit	6 months	6 months	6 months	6 months
Washington	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
West Virginia	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Wisconsin	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 126]}
Wyoming	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Uruguay^[391]^[392]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^{[lower-alpha 128]}	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 128]}	12 weeks
Uzbekistan^[394]	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Vanuatu^[395]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vatican City	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 129]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Venezuela^[403]^[404]	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vietnam^[405]^[406]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 130]}
Yemen^[410]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zambia^[411]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Zimbabwe^[412]^[413]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks^{[lower-alpha 131]}	22 weeks	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 132]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 132]}
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Autonomous jurisdictions

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Akrotiri and Dhekelia^[416]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited
American Samoa^[417]^[418]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anguilla^[419]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Aruba^[420]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 133]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bermuda^[421]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
British Virgin Islands^[422]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Cayman Islands^[423]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cook Islands^[424]^{[lower-alpha 134]}	permitted	permitted^{[lower-alpha 135]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Curaçao^[428]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 133]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 136]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 136]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 136]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 136]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 136]}
Falkland Islands^[430]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Faroe Islands^[431]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gibraltar^[432]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^{[lower-alpha 137]}	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Greenland^[434]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Guam^[435]	no limit	no limit^{[lower-alpha 138]}	26 weeks^{[lower-alpha 138]}	26 weeks^{[lower-alpha 138]}	13 weeks^{[lower-alpha 138]}	13 weeks^{[lower-alpha 138]}
Guernsey [subdivisions]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	prohibited	varies^{[lower-alpha 140]}	varies^{[lower-alpha 140]}	prohibited
Alderney^[437]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guernsey^[438]^{[lower-alpha 141]}	no limit	no limit	prohibited	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
Sark^[437]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 139]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hong Kong^[441]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited
Isle of Man^[442]	no limit	no limit	23 weeks	no limit	23 weeks	14 weeks
Jersey^[443]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Macau^[444]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Montserrat^[445]	no limit	viability	prohibited	viability	prohibited	prohibited
Niue	permitted^{[lower-alpha 142]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 142]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Mariana Islands^[451]	no limit^{[lower-alpha 143]}	no limit^{[lower-alpha 143]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 143]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 143]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 143]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 143]}
Pitcairn Islands^{[lower-alpha 144]}	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Puerto Rico^[454]	no limit	no limit	viability^{[lower-alpha 145]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 145]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 145]}	viability^{[lower-alpha 145]}
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha^{[lower-alpha 146]}	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Sint Maarten^[458]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 133]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 147]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 147]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 147]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 147]}	prohibited^{[lower-alpha 147]}
Tokelau^[459]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 148]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 148]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Turks and Caicos Islands^[461]	permitted^{[lower-alpha 149]}	permitted^{[lower-alpha 149]}	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
U.S. Virgin Islands^[462]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Europe

Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. The exceptions are the micro-states of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, San Marino,^{[lower-alpha 104]} and Vatican City, and the large state of Poland, where abortion is illegal or severely restricted.^[463]^[464] The other state with existent, but less severe restrictions is Monaco. All the remaining states make abortion legal on request or for social and economic reasons during the first trimester. When it comes to later-term abortions, there are very few with laws as liberal as those of the United States.^[465] Restrictions on abortion are most stringent in a few countries that are strongly observant of the Catholic religion.^[463]

North America

Canada

Abortion in Canada is legal at all stages of pregnancy, regardless of the reason, and is publicly funded as a medical procedure under the combined effects of the federal Canada Health Act and provincial health-care systems.^[466] However, access to services and resources varies by region.^[467] While some non-legal barriers to access continue to exist,^[466] Canada is the only nation with absolutely no legal restrictions at the federal level to access abortion services.^[468]^[469] Nevertheless few providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days without a medical reason as outlined by provincial regulatory authorities for physicians.^[470]

Formally banned in 1869, abortion would remain illegal in Canada law for the next 100 years.^[471] In 1969, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 legalized some abortions, as long as a committee of doctors certified that continuing the pregnancy would likely endanger the woman's life or health.^[471] In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in R. v. Morgentaler that the existing law was unconstitutional, and struck down the 1969 Act.^[472] The ruling found that criminalization of abortion and legal restrictions violated a woman's right to “life, liberty and security of the person” guaranteed under Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms established in 1982.^[473]

United States

In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. It established a minimal period during which abortion must be legal (with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy). This basic framework, modified in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), is still in effect today. In accordance with Planned Parenthood v. Casey, states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus."^[474] Although this legal framework established by the Supreme Court is very liberal (particularly with regard to the gestational age), in practice the effective availability of abortion varies significantly from state to state.^[475] On 29 June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed abortion rights after striking down a Louisiana law limiting abortion.^[476] In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021, prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected—which typically occurs around the sixth week of pregnancy^[377]—except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.^[378] The Supreme Court will hear a case that challenges a Mississippi law banning abortion after 15 weeks. Roe v. Wade will also be revisited.

Countries with more restrictive laws

Supporter of legalized abortion at a rally in Paraná, Argentina. Argentina had restrictive laws until 2021.

According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as Malta in Europe.^{[lower-alpha 150]}^[477] The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."^[478]

Latin America is the region with the most restrictive abortion laws. Fewer than 3% of the women in this region live in countries with liberal abortion laws—that is, where abortion is permitted either without restriction as to reason or on socioeconomic grounds.^[479] Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.^[480]^[481]^[482]

Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.^{[lower-alpha 151]} However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.^{[lower-alpha 152]}

Exceptions in abortion law

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.^[488]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, the Republic of Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.^[489]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.^[490]

Many countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Other related laws

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.^[491] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act^[492]).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.^[493]

Judicial decisions

Year	Jurisdiction	Description	Abortion access affirmed or expanded?
1879	Canada	Abortion trial of Emily Stowe
1938	United Kingdom	R v Bourne Abortion in case of risk to physical or mental health included in risk to life. The decision was also implemented by some British territories and their successors.^[322]	Yes
1952	Canada	Azoulay v R^[494]
1969	Victoria (Australia)	R v Davidson^{[lower-alpha 153]} Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, and physical or mental health.^[495]	Yes
1971	United States	United States v. Vuitch	Restrictions upheld
1971	New South Wales (Australia)	R v Wald Abortion in case of socioeconomic reasons included in risk to physical or mental health.	Yes
1973	United States	Doe v. Bolton Abortion allowed after viability if necessary to protect her health.
1973	United States	Roe v. Wade Abortion allowed on demand in the entire country.
1975	Germany	German Federal Constitutional Court abortion decision	Law restricted
1976	Canada	Morgentaler v R	Restrictions upheld
1976	United States	Planned Parenthood v. Danforth	Legalization upheld
1979		Maher v. Roe
1979		Colautti v. Franklin
1980	Puerto Rico	Pueblo v. Duarte Application of Roe v. Wade to Puerto Rico.^[454]	Yes
1980	United States	Harris v. McRae
1981	United States	H. L. v. Matheson	Restrictions upheld
1981	Israel	A. v. B. Paternal consent not required.	Yes
1983	United States	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health	Yes
1986	United States	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1988	Canada	R v Morgentaler	Yes
1989	Canada	Borowski v Canada (AG)
	United States	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services	Restrictions upheld
	Canada	Tremblay v Daigle	Yes
1990	United States	Hodgson v. Minnesota	Yes
1991	United States	Rust v. Sullivan
1992	Ireland	Attorney General v. X Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, including risk of suicide.	Yes
1992	United States	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	Yes
1993	United States	Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
	Germany	2 BvF 2/90^[160]
	Canada	R v Morgentaler	Yes
1995	New South Wales (Australia)	CES v. Superclinics Physical or mental health should be considered not only during the pregnancy but also after the birth.	Yes
1997	Poland	K 26/96 Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.^[295]	Law restricted
1997	United States	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1998	South Africa	Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health Law allowing abortion on demand ruled constitutional.	Legalization upheld
2000	United States	Hill v. Colorado
2000	United States	Stenberg v. Carhart Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban.	Yes
2001	Argentina	T., S. v. Government of Buenos Aires City^[496]	Yes
2003	United States	Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
2006		Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
		Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
		Gonzales v. Carhart Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.	Restrictions upheld
	Colombia	Constitutional Court allowed abortion in case of danger to woman's life or health, rape, and fetal deformation.^[112]	Yes
	Council of Europe	D v Ireland
	New South Wales (Australia)	R v Sood^[497]
2007	Council of Europe	Tysiąc v Poland^[498]
2007	Slovakia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[499]	Legalization upheld
2008	Nepal	Achyut Kharel v. Government of Nepal
2009	Council of Europe	A, B and C v Ireland The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion.	Yes
2009	Nepal	Lakshmi v. Government of Nepal Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.^[500]	Yes
2011	United Kingdom	British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health^[501]
2012	Argentina	F., A. L. Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.^[502]	Yes
	Brazil	ADPF 54 Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.^[503]	Yes
	Council of Europe	P. and S. v. Poland^[504]
2013	El Salvador	Case of "Beatriz"^[505]
2014	Bolivia	Ruling 0206/2014^[506]
2014	Ireland	P.P. v. Health Service Executive
2015	Dominican Republic	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.^[507]	Law restricted
2015	Rwanda	RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG^[508]
2016	United States	Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt	Yes
2016	United Nations	Mellet v Ireland
2017	Chile	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.^[108]	Yes
2017	Croatia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[509]	Legalization upheld
2018	United Kingdom	Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice^[510]
2019	South Korea	Abortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.^[337]	Yes
	Australia	Clubb v Edwards
	Kenya	FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others Abortion allowed in case of rape.^[199]	Yes
2020	Poland	K 1/20 Abortion in case of fetal deformity ruled unconstitutional. The decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.^[294]	Law restricted
	Thailand	Ruling No. 4/2563^[511]
	Colombia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.^[512]	Law upheld
2021	Ecuador	Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.^[139]	Yes
	Mexico	Deadlines in case of pregnancy after rape ruled unconstitutional.^[238]^[239]
		Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.^[31]^[32]
		^[513]
		^[514]^[515]
	Inter-American Court of Human Rights	Manuela and Others v. El Salvador^[516]
	United States	United States v. Texas	Restrictions upheld
	United States	Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson	Restrictions upheld
	Colombia	^[517]	Pending
	United States	Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization	Pending

Notes

↑ In addition, 5 countries with limited recognition (Artsakh, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia, and Transnistria), and 7 autonomous jurisdictions (Greenland, Guam, the Isle of Man, Jersey, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request, which gives a total of 76 jurisdictions.
1 2 Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021 prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected—which typically occurs around the sixth week of pregnancy^[377]—except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.^[378]
↑ In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.^[13]
1 2 Including Svalbard.^[271]
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[14]
1 2 Mainland China.
↑ The criminal code was approved in 1979 and came into force in 1980.^[16]
1 2 In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".^[17] The guidelines does not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.^[18]^[19]
↑ In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.^[20]^[21]
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1986 and came into force in 1987.
↑ After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.^[23]
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[25]
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.^[26]
↑ The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[27]
1 2 3 The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[40] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[41]^[42] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[43] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[44] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[45]
↑ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[47] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[48]
↑ The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[49] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[50]
↑ A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.^[52]
↑ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.^[52]^[53]^: 14
1 2 3 In South Australia, abortion is permitted for risk to the woman's life or health and for fetal impairment, and the law says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment".^[68] A bill legalizing abortion on request up to 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation has been passed and received royal assent but still awaits a proclamation to establish the commencement date.^[69]^[70]^[71]
↑ This ground is permitted in all subdivisions except South Australia and the Northern Territory.^[57]^[58]
↑ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[61]
↑ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[62]
↑ Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[63]
↑ Applies the laws of New South Wales.^[65]
1 2 3 If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
1 2 3 The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
1 2 3 4 5 The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[78] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[79]
1 2 3 4 5 The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[38]
↑ The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[81] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[82] and rape is included as a social reason.^[83]
1 2 3 Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[85]
↑ The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[87] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[88]
1 2 This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[87]^[88]
↑ This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[89]
1 2 Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[90]^[91]
1 2 3 The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[94] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[95]^[96]^[97]
↑ The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.^[101] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
↑ There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[104]^[105]
↑ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.^[107]
↑ If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
1 2 3 4 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[111]^[112]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[114] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."^[115] The UN source says that this ground is accepted as a general legal principle.^[34]
↑ A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[116]
↑ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[123]^[124]
1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[123]^[125]
↑ If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
↑ Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.^[131]
↑ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[133]^[134]
↑ The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[135]^[136] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[137]^[136]^[138]
↑ This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[139]
1 2 3 Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.
1 2 3 If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
↑ extreme poverty^[150]
↑ Including Åland.^[152]
↑ Including Overseas France.^[13]
1 2 3 Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[153]
↑ The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.
1 2 3 Abortion for this ground is not explicitly lawful, but the criminal code specifies that abortion is not punished if the woman requests it, has obtained counselling, and it is done within 12 weeks from conception. The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.^[160]^[161]
1 2 If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[166]^[167]
1 2 If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.
↑ A new penal code, published by presidential decree in July 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect in July 2022 unless modified by the parliament to be elected before then.^[169]
1 2 3 4 5 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
1 2 3 Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[171]
↑ Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[171]
↑ No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".^[173]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[179] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[180]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[181]^[182]
1 2 This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.^[183]
1 2 If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
↑ If the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[185]
1 2 The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[187]^[188]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[199] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.^[200]
1 2 3 4 5 6 The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[206] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[207] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[208] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
1 2 3 If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[220] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,^[34] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.^[221]^[222]
↑ The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[225] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[226] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[227]^[228]
↑ Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[227]^[228]
↑ Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.^[231]^[232]
↑ This ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[31]^[32]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 This ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[31]^[32]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Each state stipulates in its penal code a different gestational limit; namely, 90 days, 12 weeks, 3 months from conception, and some do not specify a limit. In July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for an abortion on this ground.^[238]^[239]
1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[31]^[32]
↑ If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.
↑ In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[250]^[251] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[252]^[253]
↑ May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[254]
↑ Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[20]^[21]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[260]^[261]
1 2 3 4 5 6 The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.^[264]^[265] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[266] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[267] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[268]^[269]
1 2 3 May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[270]
1 2 3 The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.^[272] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.^[273]
↑ Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.^[276]^[277]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[278] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
1 2 3 4 The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[279] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,^[280]^[281]^[282] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.^[283]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[291]^[292]
↑ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.^[294]
↑ This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.^[295]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[304]^[305]^[53]^: 14
1 2 On 26 September 2021, a referendum was approved proposing to legalize abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation or for risk to the woman's life or health, or fetal impairment. The parliament of San Marino must still make the relevant changes to the law before the proposal can take effect.^[309]^[310]^[311]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[312] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
1 2 3 4 In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.^[318]^[319]
1 2 Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.^[320] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.^[321] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.^[323]^[324] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.^[325]^[326]
↑ In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.
↑ Including Somaliland.^[334]^[335]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
↑ The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[336] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[337] As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[338]
1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[337]
↑ In some cases, no limit is specified.
↑ From conception.
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[344] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
↑ In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[350] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[351]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[352]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[355] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[356]
1 2 3 If the woman is HIV-positive, a minor, or over age 40, no limit is specified.
1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[358] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[359]^[360]
1 2 If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.^[367]^[368]
↑ Lethal anomalies only.^[369]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[370]^[371]^[372]
↑ This ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[373]
1 2 3 4 5 In some states, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
↑ A state law prohibits abortion unless the mother's life is in danger, but this law is invalidated by a judicial decision. Another law prohibits abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected—which typically occurs around the sixth week of pregnancy^[377]—except for medical emergencies,^[378] and ordinances in about 30 cities prohibit abortion except when the woman's life is in danger,^[389] conflicting with judicial precedent.
1 2 A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[393]
↑ The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[396] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[397]^[398] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[399]^[400] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[401]^[402]
↑ Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[407]^[408]^[409]
↑ Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.^[414]
1 2 The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."^[415]
1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[53]
↑ The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,^[425] but it has not yet been approved.^[426]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.^[427]
1 2 3 4 5 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[429]
↑ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[432]^[433]
1 2 3 4 5 Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[418]^[436]
1 2 3 4 5 6 In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[437] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
1 2 This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[437]
↑ In July 2021, the parliament passed a law removing the gestational limit on abortion for fetal impairment and increasing it to 24 weeks for social reasons, but it still awaits royal assent and regulations to establish the commencement date.^[439]^[440]
1 2 A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,^[446] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.^[447] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,^[448] but they remain in force in Niue^[449] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.^[450]
1 2 3 4 5 6 The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject. However, according to an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general, U.S. judicial decisions on abortion apply to the territory, thus allowing abortion on request.^[451] Yet, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[452]^[418]
↑ Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[453]
1 2 3 4 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[455]
↑ Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[456] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[457]
1 2 3 4 5 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[53]
1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[460]
1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
↑ In Malta, only indirect abortion is de facto allowed under the principle of double effect.^[231]^[232]
↑ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[483]^[484]^[485]^[486]^[487]
↑ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[219]
↑ Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

References

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↑ 国务院关于印发中国妇女发展纲要和中国儿童发展纲要的通知, Government of the People's Republic of China, 2021 (in Chinese).
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1 2 "Për ndërprerjen e shtatëzënësisë" [On the Interruption of Pregnancy]. Law No. 8045 of 27 December 1995 (in Albanian). Parliament of Albania.
1 2 Penal Code, Government of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2012. Book II, title I, chapter II (in Portuguese).
↑ Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)
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1 2 3 4 5 Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)
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1 2 3 Table 2: Countries by legal grounds for abortion (recoded), United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Policies 2017: Abortion laws and policies.
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↑ Afghanistan's Constitution of 2004, Constitute.
↑ Penal Code, Government of the Republic of Afghanistan, 7 October 1976.
↑ Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 15 May 2017 (in Pashto and Dari).
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↑ Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan, Al Jazeera, 23 August 2021.
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↑ Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).
↑ Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020 (in Portuguese).
↑ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.
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↑ On making changes and additions to the law "On human reproductive health and reproductive rights", National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), 30 March 2017 (in Armenian). Original law: On human reproductive health and reproductive rights, National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), 17 September 2003 (in Armenian).
↑ Australian abortion law and practice, Children by Choice, 17 June 2020.
1 2 Abortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018) and New South Wales (2019).
↑ Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
↑ Crimes Act 1900, ACT Legislation Register.
↑ Health Act 1993, ACT Legislation Register.
↑ Christmas Island Act 1958, Federal Register of Legislation.
↑ Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.
↑ Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.
↑ Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.
↑ Norfolk Island Act 1979, Federal Register of Legislation.
↑ Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.
↑ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.
↑ Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935, South Australian Legislation.
↑ Termination of Pregnancy Bill 2021, South Australian Legislation.
↑ South Australian Government Gazette No. 16, Government of South Australia, 11 March 2021.
↑ Proclamations and notices as made, Government of South Australia.
↑ Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.
↑ Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.
↑ Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1911, Western Australian Legislation.
↑ Criminal Code (1975, amended 2019), Legislationline.org. Section 97 (in German).
↑ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health (in Azerbaijani).
↑ Penal Code, Statute Law of the Bahamas. Article 313.
↑ Bahrain Penal Code, 1976, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
↑ Legislative decree no. 7 for 1989 on the practice of human medicine and dentistry, Ministry of Health of Bahrain, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
↑ Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Government of Barbados, 10 May 1983.
↑ Law of the Republic of Belarus on health care, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
↑ Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus, 24 December 2014 (in Russian).
↑ Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
↑ "LOI - WET". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be.
↑ Family planning, Belgian Federal Public Service (in French).
↑ Law no. 2012-12 of 20 December 2021, General Secretariat of the Government of Benin (in French). Published on 7 January 2022.
1 2 Penal Code of Bhutan, Judiciary of Bhutan.
1 2 Standard Guidelines for the Health Workers on Management of Complication of Abortion, Ministry of Health of Bhutan.
↑ Technical procedure for the provision of health services in the framework of the Plurinational Constitutional Sentence 0206/2014, Ministry of Health of Bolivia, 2015. (in Spanish)
↑ Human rights in the field of sexual and reproductive health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Nations Population Fund, January 2021 (in Serbo-Croatian).
↑ Abortion Legislation, Bosnia Herzegovina, Russia, Ukraine, Law Library of Congress, July 2007.
↑ Law on the conditions and procedure for interruption of pregnancy, National Assembly of Republika Srpska.
↑ Penal Code, Government of Botswana. Article 160.
↑ Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil (in Portuguese).
↑ Reproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, July 2018 (in Portuguese).
↑ Malformation that renders baby's life inviable justifies authorization for abortion, judge decides, Consultor Jurídico, 20 January 2020 (in Portuguese).
↑ Woman obtains judicial authorization to interrupt risky pregnancy, Brazilian Family Law Institute, 11 August 2020 (in Portuguese).
↑ Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013, Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 22 October 2013. Articles 158–164.
↑ Ordinance no. 2 of 1 February 1990 on the conditions and procedure for artificial termination of pregnancy, Lex.bg (in Bulgarian).
↑ Law no. 025-018/AN bearing the penal code, Police Academy of Burkina Faso. Articles 513-10 to 513-19 (in French).
↑ Law no. 1/27 of 29 December 2017 bearing revision of the penal code, President of the Republic of Burundi. Article 534 (in French).
↑ "Royal Kram on Abortion". Royal Kram of 6 October 1997. National Assembly of Cambodia.
↑ Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 (in French).
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↑ Quebec abortion guidelines under review after woman denied procedure at 30 weeks, CTV News, 20 December 2016.
↑ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Cape-Verde-Law-and-Regulation-on-Voluntary-Interruption-of-Pregnancy-1987.pdf law no. 9/iii/86 & decree no. 7/87 https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/15-Cabo-Verde-Resolution-ratifying-Maputo-Protocol-2005.pdf resolution no. 131/vi/2005 https://www.parlamento.cv/GDRevisoesContitucionais.aspx?ImagemId=30
↑ Penal Code, 2010. Article 79 (in French).
1 2 Law 21,030, Depenalisation of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).
↑ http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18943.htm
↑ http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202109/9ab0af08773c465aa91d95648df2a98a.shtml
↑ Colombian Penal Code (Law 599 of 2000), compiled by José Fernando Botero Bernal, University of Medellín. Article 122 (in Spanish).
1 2 Sentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).
↑ Penal Code, University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologyart. Article 304 (in French).
↑ Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the Congo. Article 317 (in French).
↑ Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, The Republic of the Congo, United Nations, 1 May 2014.
↑ Penal Code, Government of Costa Rica. Article 93 (in Spanish).
↑ Law on Health Measures for Exercising the Right to Freely Decide on the Birth of Children, Zakon.hr (in Croatian).
↑ Ministerial resolution no. 24, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, 1 April 2004 (in Spanish).
↑ Methodological guides for the instrumentation of all types of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba (in Spanish).
↑ http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/2018_1_023.pdf
↑ "Zákon České národní rady o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Act of the Czech National Council on Abortion]. Act No. 66 of 20 October 1986 (in Czech). Czech National Council.
↑ "Vyhláška ministerstva zdravotnictví České socialistické republiky, kterou se provádí zákon České národní rady č. 66/1986 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Czech National Council No. 66/1986 Coll., On Abortion]. Decree No. 75 of 7 November 1986 (in Czech). Ministry of Health
1 2 Is the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. (in French)
↑ Ordinance 70-158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology, Leganet.cd. (in French)
↑ Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. (in French)
↑ Health law, Ministry of Health of Denmark, 26 August 2019 (in Danish).
↑ Law 59/AN/94 of 5 January 1995 bearing the Penal Code, VERTIC (in French).
↑ Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).
↑ Abortion in Djibouti, Human Village, April 2015 (in French).
↑ Offences Against the Person Act, Government of Dominica, version of 1995. Sections 8, 56, 57.
↑ Dominica, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
↑ "Los diputados dominicanos rechazan ley polémica por el aborto" [Dominican deputies reject controversial abortion law] (in Spanish). Swissinfo. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
↑ The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
↑ Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
↑ Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
1 2 Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
↑ Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55-64, November 2009.
↑ Abortion Policy Landscape: Timor Leste, World Health Organization.
1 2 Sentence No. 34-19-IN/21 and accumulated, Constitutional Court of Ecuador, 28 Abril 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ "قانون العقوبات" [Penal Code]. Article 61 and Chapter 3, Law 58 of 1937 (in Arabic). Parliament of Egypt. With amendments as 15 August 2021.
↑ Profession Ethics Regulations. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021.
↑ Salvadoran president rules out allowing abortion, same-sex marriage, Swissinfo, 17 September 2021.
↑ Chapter 3, Section 1, Law No. 4 of 5 November 2020 (in Spanish). Parliament of Equatorial Guinea.
↑ https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55a51ccc4.pdf pp. 181–182.
↑ Abortion and Sterilization Act, amended up to 2005, Riigi Teataja, 25 November 1998.
↑ http://www.gov.sz/images/justice/swaziland_constitution.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216604707_Swaziland_National_Policy_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health_and_Rights
↑ https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et011en.pdf book.v, title.1, chapter.1, section.2
↑ https://www.spirhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/03-Ethiopia-Technical-and-procedural-guidelines-for-safe-abortion-services-2014.pdf
↑ p.616
↑ criminal code art.550
↑ Crimes decree 2009, Republic of Fiji Islands Government Gazette, 5 November 2009. Section 234.
↑ Act on the autonomy of Åland, Finlex, May 2014.
↑ What are the deadlines to abort?, Ministry of Solidarity and Health of France, 9 March 2017 (in French).
↑ Penal Code, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020. Title X (in French).
↑ The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019.
↑ Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933), Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140–142, and chapter XX, sections 198–199.
↑ Women's Act, 2010, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30.
↑ Law of Georgia on health care, Legislative Herald of Georgia, version of 8 August 2014.
↑ On the approval of the rules for the implementation of abortion, Minister of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, 7 October 2014 (in Georgian).
1 2 Order of the Second Senate of 28 May 1993 - 2 BvF 2/90, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
↑ German Criminal Code, Federal Office of Justice of Germany. Section 218a.
↑ Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Greece, 27 August 2019 (in Greek).
↑ Criminal Code. Article 250.
↑ chapter 3
↑ https://clacaidigital.info/bitstream/handle/123456789/390/GuiaHemorragia1y2trimestre.pdf pp.9–10
↑ Penal Code of Guinea-Bissau, Judicial Police of Guinea-Bissau, 20 May 2019. Articles 112, 35 and 36 (in Portuguese).
↑ Harmonized Codes of Ethics and Practice of Physicians and Dental Surgeons in the ECOWAS Area, ECOWAS, March 2013. Articles 21 and 141 (in French). Archived from the original on 9 September 2017.
↑ The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Parliament of Guyana.
↑ Toward a decriminalisation of abortion in Haiti, Le Figaro, 16 July 2020 (in French).
↑ Honduras ratifies a reform that prohibits abortion and same-sex marriage, El Periódico Extremadura, 29 January 2021 (in Spanish).
1 2 Law on the protection of fetal life, Wolters Kluwer (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
↑ "Lög um þungunarrof" [Law on Abortion]. Law No. 43 of 22 May 2019 (in Icelandic). Althing.
1 2 "Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971". Act No. 34 of 10 August 1971. Parliament of India. With amendments as 2021.
↑ https://nhm.gov.in/New_Updates_2018/NHM_Components/RMNCHA/MH/Guidelines/CAC_Training_and_Service_Delivery_Guideline.pdf p.6
↑ part.6
↑ Medical abortion law, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 25 Khordad 1384 (15 June 2005) (in Persian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
↑ Familiarity with medical abortion cases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran (in Persian).
↑ Abortion and its types, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran (in Persian).
↑ Abortion in Iranian Legal System, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, and Neda Allahbedashti, Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, February 2014.
↑ Abortion, in case of disgrace and unbearable hardship, Islam Quest, 17 Farvardin 1394 (6 April 2015) (in Persian).
↑ Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of Iraq.
↑ Abortion Law: Conflict of Maternal-Fetal Rights, Dr. Khaled Hamad Fayadh, University of Fallujah College of Law.
↑ First Amendment to Instructions to Health Committees, Government of Iraq, 29 October 2001 (in Arabic).
↑ "Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018". Act No. 31 of 2018. Oireachtas.
↑ Induced Abortion, Ministry of Health of Israel.
↑ Law No. 194 of 22 May 1978, Rules for the Social Protection of Maternity and on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Italy (in Italian).
↑ Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 (in French).
↑ Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 (in French).
1 2 Offences Against the Person Act, Ministry of Justice of Jamaica, 7 April 2014.
1 2 Abortion Policy Review Advisory Group Final Report, Ministry of Health of Jamaica, 19 February 2007.
1 2 Abortion 'right'?, The Gleaner, 25 August 2013.
1 2 Abortion attitudes, training, and experience among medical students in Jamaica, West Indies, Glenmarie Matthews, Jessica Atrio, Horace Fletcher, Nathalie Medley, Leo Walker, and Nerys Benfield, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine, 1 May 2020.
↑ "母体保護法の施行について" [On Enforcement of the Maternal Health Act]. Act No. 122 of 25 September 1996 (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
↑ Public Health Law No. 47 of 2008, FAOLEX Database (in Arabic). Article 12.
↑ Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on public health and healthcare system, Legal Information System of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 7 July 2020. Article 150.
↑ Order of the Minister of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan On approval of the rules for artificial abortion and the list of medical and social indications, as well as contraindications for artificial abortion, Legal Information System of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 9 October 2020.
↑ Penal Code, revised edition of 2012, National Council for Law Reporting. Articles 158–160 and 240.
↑ The Constitution of Kenya, National Council for Law Reporting, 2010. Article 26(4).
1 2 FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others, Kenyalaw.org, 12 June 2019.
↑ National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence in Kenya, 3rd edition, Ministry of Health of Kenya, 2014. Pages 15, 25, 78.
↑ Penal Code, VERTIC. Page 214.
↑ "Ligj për ndërprerjen e shtatzënësisë" [Law on Abortion]. Law No. 03/L-110 of 6 November 2008 (in Albanian). Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo.
↑ Ministerial Decree No. 24 of 1981, Concerning the Practice of Human Medicine and Dentistry and the Professions Supporting Them, Global Abortion Policies Database, 22 February 1981 (in Arabic).
↑ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on the reproductive rights of citizens and guarantees of their implementation, Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Article 16 (in Russian).
↑ Clinical protocol for medical abortion in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian).
↑ Penal Code, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 26 June 2017.
↑ "ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ການໃຫ້ຖືພາແທນ ແລະ ການໃຫ້ຫຼຸລູກ" [Decision on the Management of Surrogacy and Abortion]. Decision No. 2077 of 8 July 2021 (in Lao). Ministry of Health of Laos. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
↑ Situation of abortion in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, World Health Organization, 2017.
↑ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/06-Lao-Peoples-Democratic-Republic-Regulation-on-Maternal-and-Child-Health-Ministry-of-Health-2004.pdf 4.4
↑ Organizational procedures for termination of pregnancy, Likumi.lv, 27 October 2007 (in Latvian).
↑ Sexual and Reproductive Health Law, Likumi.lv, 1 September 2017 (in Latvian).
↑ https://learningpartnership.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/Lebanon%20Penal%20Code%201943%20Arabic.pdf
↑ "Penal Code Act, 2012 | Lesotho Legal Information Institute". lesotholii.org.
↑ Offenses Against the Family, Chapter 16: Penal Law - Title 26 - Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Legal Information Institute.
↑ Law No. 106 of 1973 Promulgating the Health Law, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 13 December 1978 AD (in Arabic).
↑ Law No. 17 of 1986 on Medical Liability, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 24 November 1986 AD (in Arabic).
↑ Translation of Liechtenstein Law, Criminal Code of 24 June 1987, Legislationline.org, version of 1 January 2021, translated 21 January 2021. Article 96.
↑ The procedure for performing an abortion operation, Ministry of Health of Lithuania, 28 January 1994.
1 2 Law of 17 December 2014 amending 1) of the Penal Code and 2) of the law of 15 November 1978 relating to sexual information, the prevention of clandestine abortion and the regulation of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Government of Luxembourg, 17 December 2014 (in French).
↑ Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Madagascar, updated 31 March 2005. Article 317 (in French).
↑ Legalization of abortion in Madagascar - The revision of the law again on the parliamentarians' carpet, La Vérité, 9 February 2021 (in French).
↑ In Madagascar, clandestine abortions are the second cause of maternal deaths, Radio France Internationale, 1 October 2021 (in French).
↑ Penal Code, Malawi Legal Information Institute. Article 243.
↑ Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) for Hospitals in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, 19 September 2012.
↑ Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, Attorney General's Office of Maldives.
↑ Law no. 6/2014, Penal Code of the Maldives, University of Pennsylvania Law School.
1 2 Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Maldives, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
1 2 "Ruling 6/2013" (PDF) (in Divehi). Islamic Fiqh Academy, Ministry of Islamic Affairs of Maldives. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014.
↑ Law no. 2001-79 of 20 August 2001 bearing the Penal Code, Droit Afrique. Article 211 (in French).
↑ Law no. 02-044 of 24 June 2002 relative to reproduction health, President of the Republic of Mali. Article 13 (in French).
1 2 Malta does allow for abortions in case of life or death situations, The Malta Independent, 5 May 2013.
1 2 Abortions carried out in certain circumstances in Malta, The Malta Independent, 16 December 2018.
↑ http://rmiparliament.org/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/2011/2011-0059/CriminalCode2011_1.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/marsha.doc (2001) https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Marshall-Islands-Code-of-the-Trust-Territory-of-the-Pacific-Islands.pdf p.293 http://www.cnmilaw2.org/pdf/ttr/vol5/5-TTR-252.pdf http://www.cnmilaw.org/pdf/ttr/vol5/5-TTR-549.pdf http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/mh/cases/MHSC/2004/1.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=abortion
↑ Penal Code, Official Journal of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 9 July 1983 (in French). Article 293.
↑ https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/73641/75348/F518879681/MRT-73641.pdf art.33
↑ The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act 2012, Official Gazette of Mauritius, 23 June 2012.
↑ Aborto legal, Andar (in Spanish).
1 2 The Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
1 2 Press Release No. 196/2021: The time limit for the legal interruption of pregnancy as a result of rape constitutes an act of violence against the woman, which strikes against her rights to free development of personality and to mental health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ Decree No. 36, Official Journal of the State of Baja California, pages 21–26. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
↑ Penal Code for the State of Colima as of 26 December 2020, Directorate of Legislative Process. Articles 138 to 142 (in Spanish).
↑ Decree no. 27, Official Journal of the State of Colima, 11 December 2021, no. 96, supplement 3. Article first (in Spanish).
↑ Decree No. 728, Official Gazette of the State of Hidalgo, 6 July 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ Decree by which the penal code for the Federal District is reformed and the health law for the Federal District is added, Official Gazette of the Federal District, 26 April 2007 (in Spanish).
↑ https://www.congresocdmx.gob.mx/media/documentos/9cd0cdef5d5adba1c8e25b34751cccfdcca80e2c.pdf
↑ Decree No. 806, Official Journal of the State of Oaxaca, 27 October 2019 (in Spanish).
↑ Decree No. 857, Official Gazette of the State of Veracruz, 20 July 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ "Ordin cu privire la efectuarea întreruperii voluntare a cursului sarcinii în condiții de siguranță" [Orden Regarding the Voluntary Termination of the Safe Course of Pregnancy]. Order No. 647 of 29 September 2010 (in Romanian). Ministry of Health of Moldova.
↑ https://wapi.gov.me/download/840dacb7-de8d-45bb-841f-27b9cc32109d?version=1.0
↑ Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 (in French).
↑ In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion, France 24, 24 September 2019 (in French).
↑ Penal code, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in French).
↑ Penal code, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in Arabic).
↑ Law of Revision of the Penal Code, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 (in Portuguese).
↑ https://www.warnathgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Burma-Penal-Code.pdf
↑ Abortion Policy Landscape: Myanmar, World Health Organization.
↑ Crimes Act 2016, Nauru's Online Legal Database. Articles 53, 63–69.
↑ The Right to Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Act, 2075, Government of Nepal, 18 September 2018.
↑ Abortion Legislation: Information for Health Practitioners, Ministry of Health of New Zealand, 26 June 2020.
↑ Re-characterizing abortion in Nigeria: an appraisal of the necessity test, Victor Nnamdi Opara, International Law Students' Association Journal of International & Comparative Law, vol. 11, issue 1, article 8, March 2005.
↑ Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act, 30 September 1960. Police and Human Rights Resources, Amnesty International.
↑ "Cyprus Turkish Medical Association "Medical Professional Code of Ethics"" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Prime Ministry Department of Regulations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
↑ "The Right to Abortion in north Cyprus: Social-cultural, religious and legal aspects - Εντροπία".
↑ The Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2015), Unification Legislation Database (in Korean).
↑ Medical Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2000), Unification Legislation Database (in Korean).
↑ North Korea forbids doctors to perform abortions, implant birth control devices, Radio Free Asia, 14 October 2015.
↑ Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1 June 2016.
↑ Written Contribution for Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Tomás Ojea Quintana, for his upcoming report to the 46th Human Rights Council session in March 2021.
↑ In-hua, Kim (13 November 2019). "Ask a North Korean: do forced abortions really take place in the DPRK?". NK News.
↑ Law of Termination of Pregnancy, Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia, 22 May 2019 (in Macedonian).
↑ Regulation on interruption of pregnancy (abortion regulation), Lovdata, 10 May 2013 (in Norwegian).
↑ The Penal Law Promulgated by Royal Decree 7/2018, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2018. Articles 315–320, 44 and 51.
↑ Royal decree no. 75/2019 promulgating a law regulating the practice of the medical profession and allied medical professions, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2019. Article 36 (in Arabic).
↑ Pakistan's Abortion Provisions, Center for Reproductive Rights.
↑ Why Deadly Abortions Keep Killing Women in Pakistan, Pulitzer Center, 15 July 2021. "Because laws on abortion are vague, the decision to provide an abortion or not often comes down to a provider's personal or religious beliefs, which for many, makes the prospect unthinkable."
↑ Service delivery standards and guidelines for high-quality safe uterine evacuation and postabortion care, Department of Health of Punjab, Pakistan, April 2015.
↑ Abortion in Pakistan, Guttmacher Institute, November 2009.
↑ Penal Code, Policinglaw.info. Article 1309.
↑ Palestinian Legislative Council Public Health Law, Health, Development, Information and Policy Institute (HDIP), 23 April 2004.
↑ The Unique Landscape of Abortion Law and Access in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019. "As one lawyer from Gaza explained in an interview, "[...] [Abortion] is only allowed for health reasons for the mother or for fetal anomalies."
↑ For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse, Reuters, 8 March 2016. "When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, [...] the ministry said."
↑ Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2018. "Salhieh, the chief prosecutor, said that prosecutors obtained permission for seven women to have abortions in 2017, all in cases in which the women alleged that the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest and they were in the early stages of pregnancy."
↑ Palestine’s Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those [...] who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."
↑ https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CODIGO-PENAL-2019-FINAL-1.pdf chapter I, section 3
↑ https://clacaidigital.info/bitstream/handle/123456789/778/revision_de_normas_de_salud_integral_de_la_mujer.%20Panama.pdf p.53
↑ Criminal Code Act 1974, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute.
↑ Barnett, Katy (7 April 2016). News: High Court grants injunction staying asylum seeker’s abortion. University of Melbourne.
↑ Situation of abortion in the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, World Health Organization, 2017.
↑ Law No. 3440, BACCN, 20 August 2008. Article 109.4 (in Spanish).
↑ http://www.diresacusco.gob.pe/salud_individual/dais/materno/NORMAS%20RTN/03/RM%20486-2014%20-%20GTN%20DE%20ABORTO%20TERAPEUTICO.pdf
↑ The Revised Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 8 December 1930.
↑ Ninth periodic report submitted by the Philippines under article 18 of the Convention, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 6 July 2021. Paragraph 123.
↑ Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).
1 2 Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2020, act K 1/20, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 27 January 2021, item 175 (in Polish).
1 2 Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, K 26/96, Wolters Kluwer (in Polish).
↑ Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).
↑ Law No. 11 of 2004 Issuing the Penal Code, Qatar Legal Portal. Abortion. Articles 315–317.
↑ Law No. (2) of 1983 in the matter of practicing the professions of human medicine and dental medicine and surgery, Qatar Legal Portal, 1 January 1983. Article 17 (in Arabic).
↑ Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.
↑ https://minzdrav.gov.ru/documents/7025-federalnyy-zakon-323-fz-ot-21-noyabrya-2011-g art.56
↑ "Приказ Минздравсоцразвития России №736 от 3 декабря 2007 г." minzdrav.gov.ru.
↑ "Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 1 ноября 2012 г.№ 572н "Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи по профилю "акушерство и гинекология (за исключением использования вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий)""". minzdrav.gov.ru.
↑ Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).
↑ Offences Against the Person Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2017. Sections 53–54.
↑ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2002.
↑ Criminal Code, revised edition as 31 December 2005, Government of Saint Lucia, Chapter 1, Part 1, Sub-part D.
↑ Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.
↑ Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.
↑ San Marino voters overwhelmingly back legal abortion, Associated Press, 26 September 2021. "With the 'yes' votes winning, San Marino's Parliament must now draft a bill to legalize the procedure."
↑ San Marino voters approve abortion three to one in referendum, France 24, 27 September 2021. "But he said the government would propose a law within six months to implement the abortion change, that would then be put to parliament."
↑ San Marino. Abortion referendum, overwhelming victory of the yes, Libertas, 26 September 2021. "An important fact, which will now obligate the Government and the Grand and General Council to translate into law the content of the question" (in Italian).
↑ https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17019121.html (in Italian) arts.153–156
↑ Ministerial resolution no. 39644/1/12, dated 14/5/1427 AH, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, c. 10 June 2006 (in Arabic).
↑ Livni, Ephrat. "Saudi Arabia's abortion laws are more forgiving than Alabama's". Quartz.
↑ Penal code, General Staff of the Land Forces, 1965 (in French).
↑ "Zakon o postupku prekida trudnoće u zdravstvenim ustanovama". www.paragraf.rs.
↑ http://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/radna-verzija-vodica-za-bezbedni-prekid-trudnoce.pdf
↑ Termination of Pregnancy Act, consolidated to 30 June 2012, Seychelles Legal Information Institute.
↑ Reproductive health policy for Seychelles, Ministry of Health of Seychelles, January 2012.
↑ Courts Act, 1965, Government of Sierra Leone. Article 74.
↑ Offences Against the Person Act 1861, Legislation.gov.uk. Articles 58–59.
1 2 3 4 Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.
↑ Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014), Center for Reproductive Rights, 24 January 2014. "This interpretation of the Offences Against the Person Act has not been tested in case law in Sierra Leone and therefore it remains unclear whether women terminating a pregnancy on such grounds would be criminally liable."
↑ Understanding Abortion Access in Africa, Catholics for Choice, 19 February 2014. "Sierra Leone is one of several Commonwealth countries to model its abortion policy after England's 1938 Rex v. Bourne decision, which established necessity – that is, threats to a woman's mental and physical health – as grounds for legal abortion."
↑ Sierra Leone abortion bill blocked by President Bai Koroma again, BBC News, 12 March 2016.
↑ Fighting Unsafe Abortion and Abortion Stigma in Sierra Leone, Women's Health and Reproductive Rights Organization, 20 April 2021.
↑ "Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.
↑ "Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Act of the Slovak National Council on Abortion]. Law No. 73 of 23 October 1986 (in Slovak). Slovak National Council.
↑ "Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej socialistickej republiky, ktorou sa vykonáva zákon Slovenskej národnej rady č.73/1986 Zb. o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 73/1986 Coll. on abortion]. Decree No. 74 of 5 November 1986 (in Slovak). Ministry of Health.
↑ Law on health measures in the exercise of the right to freely decide on the birth of children, Government of Slovenia (in Slovene).
↑ Penal Code, Laws of Solomon Islands. Articles 157–159, 221.
↑ Provisional Constitution, University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library, 7 September 2012. Article 15.5.
↑ Penal Code, Global Abortion Policies Database, 6 December 1962. Article 36 and part X.
↑ Penal Code, Somalilandlaw.com.
↑ http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution_Text_only_Eng_IJSLL.pdf
↑ Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.
1 2 3 South Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.
↑ 'Abortion consultation' included in health insurance, The Korea Times, 3 August 2021.
↑ "Медикаментозный аборт" [Medical abortion]. osinform.org (in Russian). Retrieved 3 December 2021.
↑ art.216.1
↑ Organic Law 2/2010, of 3 March, of sexual and reproductive health and of voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 4 March 2010 (in Spanish).
↑ Penal code, Citizens Lanka, version as of 2002. Sections 303–307.
↑ Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.
↑ https://www.dna.sr/media/138146/S.B._2015_no._44_wet_van_30_mrt_15_wijz._wetboek_van_strafrecht.pdf (in Dutch) title xix
↑ Abortion law, Riksdag of Sweden, version as of 1 June 2013 (in Swedish).
↑ Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).
↑ "قانون مزاولة المهن الطبية في الجمهورية العربية السورية" [Law on the Practice of Medical Professions in the Syrian Arab Republic]. Article 47b, Legislative Decree No. 12 of 5 January 1970 (in Arabic). People's Assembly of Syria.
↑ Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.
↑ Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia, International Planned Parenthood Federation, December 2019.
↑ The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019, Tanzania Legal Information Institute.
↑ Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.
↑ A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.
↑ Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).
↑ Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).
↑ arts.103–105
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/tonga.doc (2001)
↑ Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy, Zakon PMR, 13 August 2004 (in Russian).
↑ https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/Alphabetical_List/lawspdfs/10.04.pdf
↑ Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20051227114327fw_/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/trinidad.doc (2001)
↑ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
↑ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
↑ https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6453/file/Turkey_CC_2004_am2016_en.pdf art.99
↑ Law of Turkmenistan on the protection of the health of citizens, Neytralny Turkmenistan no. 138-139, 2 July 2015. Article 19 (in Russian).
↑ https://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1965/1965-0007/PenalCode_1.pdf arts 150–152, 214, 227
↑ https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15 art.281.6
↑ "Про реалізацію статті 281 Цивільного кодексу України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
↑ "Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок проведення операції штучного переривання вагітності, форм первинної облікової документації та інструкцій щодо їх заповнення". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
↑ Women's reproductive and sexual healthcare, Government of the United Arab Emirates, 11 July 2021.
↑ Rape and abortion, EFC.
↑ Britain's abortion law, British Pregnancy Advisory Service.
↑ Know Your Abortion Rights in the UK, 123 Healthwise.
1 2 The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.
1 2 3 Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.
↑ Abortion policy in the absence of Roe, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.
↑ State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.
1 2 3 Rabin, Roni Caryn (1 September 2021). "Answers to Questions About the Texas Abortion Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
1 2 3 87(R) SB 8, Texas Legislature, 2021.
↑ SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
↑ SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
↑ S1385, Idaho Legislature, 2020.
↑ HB148, Kentucky General Assembly, 2019.
↑ Human Life Protection Act, RS 40:1061, Louisiana State Legislature.
↑ HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.
↑ Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.
↑ HB 1466, North Dakota Legislative Assembly, 2007.
↑ Chapter 187, South Dakota Legislature, 2005.
↑ SB1257, Tennessee General Assembly, 2019.
↑ Durkee, Alison (2 June 2021). "Texas City Cleared To Become Anti-Abortion 'Sanctuary City' As Federal Judge Dismisses Planned Parenthood Challenge". Forbes.
↑ SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
↑ Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).
↑ Manual of Procedures for the Sanitary Management of Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health, 2014 (in Spanish).
↑ Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).
↑ "Об утверждении стандартов искусственного прерывания беременности" [On approval of standards for artificial termination of pregnancy]. Law No. 312 of 10 September 2013 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
↑ http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/88512/101229/F1616956608/VUT88512.pdf
↑ Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)
↑ Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.
↑ Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)
↑ Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
↑ Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
↑ Abortion and the Catholic Church, Pro-Life Activist's Encyclopedia, American Life League.
↑ Under Vatican ruling, abortion triggers automatic excommunication, National Catholic Reporter, 17 January 2003.
↑ Penal Code of Venezuela, Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 20 October 2000. Article 435 (in Spanish).
↑ Protocols of care. Prenatal care and emergency obstetric care, Government of Venezuela, March 2014 (in Spanish).
↑ https://mch.moh.gov.vn/Upload/Documents/2018/10/41ec50b84ccf0e7baa8af44b58efe8d1-HDQG%20cham%20soc%20bmte%20ver%202018%20final%20280718.pdf p.401
↑ https://m.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/the-thao-y-te/luat-bao-ve-suc-khoe-nhan-dan-1989-21-lct-hdnn8-37690.aspx 44
↑ Second Trimester Abortion in Viet Nam: Changing to Recommended Methods and Improving Service Delivery, Tuyet T.D. Hoang, Thuy Phan and Trang N.K. Huynh, 2 September 2008.
↑ Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Vietnam, Angloinfo.
↑ Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Vietnam, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
↑ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1197106/1504_1218032308_republican-decree-by-law-no-12-for-1994-concerning-crimes-and-penalties.pdf (penal code) https://yemen-nic.info/db/laws_ye/detail.php?ID=11424 art.240 https://yemen-nic.info/db/laws_ye/detail.php?ID=11755
↑ The Termination of Pregnancy Act, National Assembly of Zambia.
↑ Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (2001). National Guidelines for Post Abortion Care (PDF) (1st ed.). Harare: Hunyani Printopak. ISBN 1-779-09-010-2.
↑ "Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe". Guttmacher Institute. October 2018. In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe. Updated as of 16 July 2019.
↑ "Termination Of Pregnancy Act [Chapter 15:10] - law.co.zw".
↑ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/05-Zimbabwe-National-Guidelines-for-Comprehensive-Abortion-care-2014.pdf p.3
↑ Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.
↑ 46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
1 2 3 Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019. "The other U.S. territories in the Pacific – American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands – both prohibit abortions except in very limited circumstances."
↑ Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.
↑ Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 3 July 2020. (in Dutch)
↑ Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.
↑ Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.
↑ Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.
↑ Crimes Act 1969, Cook Islands Sessional Legislation, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Sections 202–207.
↑ Crimes Bill 2017, Cook Islands Parliament.
↑ Bills, Cook Islands Parliament.
↑ Cook Islands, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
↑ Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)
↑ Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)
↑ Crimes Ordinance 2014, Falkland Islands Government, 2019.
↑ "Lov om foranstaltninger i anledning af svangerskab m.v." [Act on measures in connection with pregnancy, etc.]. Act No. 177 of 23 June 1956 (in Icelandic). Løgting. With amendments up to 29 May 2017.
1 2 Crimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.
↑ Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.
↑ Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish and Greenlandic).
↑ Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.
↑ No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.
1 2 3 4 Law on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)
↑ Abortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources.
↑ The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey.
↑ The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey, 22 July 2021.
↑ Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.
↑ Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.
↑ Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.
↑ Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)
↑ "Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.
↑ Niue Laws, Volume 3, Government of Niue, December 2006, p. 1168. Niue Act 1966, sections 166–168.
↑ Niue, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005.
↑ Niue Act 1966, New Zealand Government, reprint as of 1 March 2017.
↑ Table of Acts in Force, Government of Niue, 1 June 2016.
↑ Niue Laws, Volume 1, Government of Niue, December 2006, pp. 15–16. Constitution of Niue, section 36.
1 2 Attorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.
↑ Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.
↑ Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.
1 2 Penal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, with amendments up to 27 August 2021, Government of Puerto Rico (in Spanish).
↑ El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980. (in Spanish)
↑ General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.
↑ Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.
↑ Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)
↑ Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 2016.
↑ Handbook for the Law Commissioners of Tokelau, Government of Tokelau, August 2008.
↑ Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, 31 March 2018.
↑ Abortion, 2019 US Virgin Islands Code, Title 14 § 151.
1 2 Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment. Guilford Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-59385-384-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
↑ Kelly, Jon (8 April 2016). "Why are Northern Ireland's abortion laws different to the rest of the UK?". BBC News.
↑ Jenkins, Philip (2007). God's continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's religious crisis. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-531395-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
1 2 J. Cherie Strachan; Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger; Shannon Jenkins; Candice D. Ortbals (2019). Why Don't Women Rule the World?: Understanding Women's Civic and Political Choices. SAGE Publications. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-5443-1727-4.
↑ Neil F. Sharpe; Ronald F. Carter (30 January 2006). Genetic testing: care, consent, and liability. John Wiley and Sons. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-471-64987-8. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
↑ Sally Sheldon; Kaye Wellings (March 2020). Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?. Policy Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-4473-5401-7.
↑ Christine Ammer; JoAnn E. Manson (February 2009). The Encyclopedia of Women's Health. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8160-7407-5. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
↑ "Abortion Coverage by Region". National Abortion Federation Canada.
1 2 Victoria Bromley (2012). Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism. University of Toronto Press. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-1-4426-0502-2.
↑ Radha Jhappan (2002). Women's Legal Strategies in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 335–. ISBN 978-0-8020-7667-0.
↑ Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo (2018). The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2017. Oxford University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-19-092384-6.
↑ Casey, 505 U.S. at 877.
↑ Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780472069750.
↑ Liptak, Adam (29 June 2002). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law, With Roberts the Deciding Vote". The New York Times.
↑ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.
↑ "The World's Abortion Laws | Center for Reproductive Rights". reproductiverights.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
↑ "Abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean". 10 May 2016.
↑ Reuters (6 September 2019). "El Salvador will seek third trial of woman accused of 'murdering' stillborn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
↑ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org. 6 July 2017.
↑ "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.
↑ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire.
↑ Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.
↑ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
↑ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
↑ "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.
↑ "About the Abortion Act". Government.no. 18 May 2000.
↑ Kliff, Sarah (15 October 2008). "Abortion: What the 'Health' Exemption Really Means". Newsweek.
↑ "States Probe Limits of Abortion Policy". The Pew Charitable Trusts. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
↑ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.
↑ Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
↑ Azoulay v. The Queen, 1952 CanLII 4, [1952] 2 S.C.R. 495 (11 April 1952), Supreme Court (Canada)
↑ R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)
↑ T., S. c/ Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires s/ amparo, Supreme Court of Argentina, 11 January 2001 (in Spanish).
↑ R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
↑ Tysiąc v Poland, Council of Europe, 20 March 2007.
↑ Women's Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014.
↑ Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011.
↑ "British Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health [2011] EWHC 235 (Admin) (14 February 2011)".
↑ F., A. L. s/medida autosatisfactiva, Supreme Court of Argentina, 13 March 2012 (in Spanish).
↑ https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=TP&docID=3707334
↑ https://reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/PS_FS_4.13.pdf
↑ https://www.jurisprudencia.gob.sv/DocumentosBoveda/D/1/2010-2019/2013/05/A00CC.PDF
↑ Sentence 0206/2014, Plurinational Constitutional Court, 5 February 2014 (in Spanish).
↑ Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law, 12 April 2015.
↑ RPA 0787/15/HC/KIG, Women's Link Worldwide, 30 October 2015.
↑ Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. UI-60/1991 and others of 21 February 2017 and Separate opinion, Narodne novine (in Croatian).
↑ https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2017-0131-judgment.pdf
↑ Ruling No. 4/2563 (2020), Constitutional Court of Thailand, 19 February B.E. 2563 (2020). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
↑ Sentence C-088/20, Constitutional Court of Colombia, 2 March 2020 (in Spanish).
↑ Press Release No. 273/2021: SCJN invalidates provision of the Sinaloa Constitution that protected the right to life from conception and limited the right of women to reproductive autonomy, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 9 September 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ Manetto, Francesco (21 September 2021). "La Suprema Corte invalida la objeción de conciencia médica e insta al Congreso a revisar la ley" [The Supreme Court invalidates medical conscientious objection and urges Congress to review the law]. El País (in Spanish).
↑ Press Release No. 276/2021: The SCJN invalidates the precept of the general health law that provided for conscious objection of medical and nursing personnel without establishing the necessary safeguards to guarantee the right to health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 20 September 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ Manuela and Others v. El Salvador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2 November 2021 (in Spanish).
↑ Santaeulalia, Inés (19 November 2021). "La decisión sobre la despenalización del aborto en Colombia entra en un limbo jurídico" [The decision on the decriminalization of abortion in Colombia enters a legal limbo]. El País (in Spanish).

Other sources

Appel, Jacob M. (August 2005). "Judicial diagnosis 'conscience' vs. care how refusal clauses are reshaping the rights revolution". Medicine and Health. 88 (8): 279–281. PMID 16273974.
Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K. (2 June 1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985-1997". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 24 (2): 56–64. doi:10.2307/2991926. JSTOR 2991926. PMID 14627052.
Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original on 2009-03-27)
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Pollitt, Katha (2014). Pro: Reclaiming Abortion Rights. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-62054-7.

External links

Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
The World's Abortion Laws, interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
Abortion Policies: A Global Review, United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response, Congressional Research Service
"Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2014 (1). August 2014.
Abortion Laws of the World, Harvard University
Abortion legislation in Europe, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), September 2012
Abortion Laws, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division for Gender Affairs

This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[12] In addition, 5 countries with limited recognition (Artsakh, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia, and Transnistria), and 7 autonomous jurisdictions (Greenland, Guam, the Isle of Man, Jersey, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request, which gives a total of 76 jurisdictions.

[sub-14] 1 2 Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.

[ustx-15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021 prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected—which typically occurs around the sixth week of pregnancy^[377]—except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.^[378]

[17] In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.^[13]

[no-18] 1 2 Including Svalbard.^[271]

[20] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[14]

[cn-22] 1 2 Mainland China.

[24] The criminal code was approved in 1979 and came into force in 1980.^[16]

[cn2-28] 1 2 In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".^[17] The guidelines does not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.^[18]^[19]

[31] In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.^[20]^[21]

[32] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1986 and came into force in 1987.

[34] After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.

[36] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.^[23]

[39] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[25]

[41] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.^[26]

[43] The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[27]

[af-62] 1 2 3 The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[40] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[41]^[42] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[43] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[44] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[45]

[66] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[47] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[48]

[69] The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[49] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[50]

[72] A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.^[52]

[74] Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.^[52]^[53]^: 14

[ausa-78] 1 2 3 In South Australia, abortion is permitted for risk to the woman's life or health and for fetal impairment, and the law says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment".^[68] A bill legalizing abortion on request up to 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation has been passed and received royal assent but still awaits a proclamation to establish the commencement date.^[69]^[70]^[71]

[81] This ground is permitted in all subdivisions except South Australia and the Northern Territory.^[57]^[58]

[85] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[61]

[87] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[62]

[89] Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[63]

[92] Applies the laws of New South Wales.^[65]

[at-103] 1 2 3 If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.

[therapeutic-106] 1 2 3 The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.

[bh-109] 1 2 3 4 5 The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[78] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[79]

[bd-110] 1 2 3 4 5 The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[38]

[115] The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[81] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[82] and rape is included as a social reason.^[83]

[be-118] 1 2 3 Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[85]

[122] The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[87] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[88]

[bt-123] 1 2 This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[87]^[88]

[125] This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[89]

[ba-128] 1 2 Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[90]^[91]

[br-135] 1 2 3 The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[94] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[95]^[96]^[97]

[140] The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.^[101] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.

[145] There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[104]^[105]

[148] The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.^[107]

[150] If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.

[co-155] 1 2 3 4 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[111]^[112]

[159] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[114] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."^[115] The UN source says that this ground is accepted as a general legal principle.^[34]

[161] A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[116]

[168] In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.

[171] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[123]^[124]

[cd-173] 1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[123]^[125]

[175] If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.

[181] Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.^[131]

[185] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[133]^[134]

[190] The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[135]^[136] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[137]^[136]^[138]

[192] This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[139]

[er-198] 1 2 3 Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.

[ee-200] 1 2 3 If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.

[206] xtreme poverty^[150]

[209] Including Åland.^[152]

[210] Including Overseas France.^[13]

[fr-212] 1 2 3 Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[153]

[214] The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.

[de-222] 1 2 3 Abortion for this ground is not explicitly lawful, but the criminal code specifies that abortion is not punished if the woman requests it, has obtained counselling, and it is done within 12 weeks from conception. The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.^[160]^[161]

[gr-224] 1 2 If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.

[230] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[166]^[167]

[gy-232] 1 2 If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.

[234] A new penal code, published by presidential decree in July 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect in July 2022 unless modified by the parliament to be elected before then.^[169]

[principle-235] 1 2 3 4 5 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[hu-238] 1 2 3 Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[171]

[239] Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[171]

[243] No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".^[173]

[250] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[179] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[180]

[253] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[181]^[182]

[iq-255] 1 2 This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.^[183]

[ie-257] 1 2 If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.

[259] If the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[185]

[ci-263] 1 2 The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[187]^[188]

[268] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]

[269] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]

[278] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[199] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.^[200]

[la-287] 1 2 3 4 5 6 The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[206] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[207] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[208] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.

[lt-298] 1 2 3 If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.

[303] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[220] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,^[34] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.^[221]^[222]

[310] The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[225] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[226] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[227]^[228]

[311] Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[227]^[228]

[316] Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.^[231]^[232]

[322] This ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[31]^[32]

[mx-323] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 This ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[31]^[32]

[mx2-326] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Each state stipulates in its penal code a different gestational limit; namely, 90 days, 12 weeks, 3 months from conception, and some do not specify a limit. In July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for an abortion on this ground.^[238]^[239]

[mxco-328] 1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[31]^[32]

[337] If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.

[343] In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[250]^[251] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[252]^[253]

[345] May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[254]

[350] Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[20]^[21]

[ng-354] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[260]^[261]

[kp-363] 1 2 3 4 5 6 The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.^[264]^[265] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[266] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[267] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[268]^[269]

[mk-365] 1 2 3 May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[270]

[om-369] 1 2 3 The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.^[272] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.^[273]

[374] Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.^[276]^[277]

[376] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[278] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[ps-382] 1 2 3 4 The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.^[279] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,^[280]^[281]^[282] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.^[283]

[392] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[291]^[292]

[395] This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.^[294]

[397] This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.^[295]

[408] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[304]^[305]^[53]^: 14

[sm-415] 1 2 On 26 September 2021, a referendum was approved proposing to legalize abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation or for risk to the woman's life or health, or fetal impairment. The parliament of San Marino must still make the relevant changes to the law before the proposal can take effect.^[309]^[310]^[311]

[417] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[312] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[sc-425] 1 2 3 4 In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.^[318]^[319]

[sl-433] 1 2 Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.^[320] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.^[321] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.^[323]^[324] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.^[325]^[326]

[437] In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.

[444] Including Somaliland.^[334]^[335]

[445] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[449] The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[336] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[337] As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[338]

[kr-450] 1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[337]

[454] In some cases, no limit is specified.

[457] From conception.

[459] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[344] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[467] In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[350] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[351]

[469] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[352]

[474] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[355] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[356]

[PMR-476] 1 2 3 If the woman is HIV-positive, a minor, or over age 40, no limit is specified.

[tt-480] 1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[358] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[359]^[360]

[ua-489] 1 2 If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.^[367]^[368]

[491] Lethal anomalies only.^[369]

[gb-495] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[370]^[371]^[372]

[gbni-497] This ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[373]

[us-501] 1 2 3 4 5 In some states, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.

[us2-504] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.

[516] A state law prohibits abortion unless the mother's life is in danger, but this law is invalidated by a judicial decision. Another law prohibits abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected—which typically occurs around the sixth week of pregnancy^[377]—except for medical emergencies,^[378] and ordinances in about 30 cities prohibit abortion except when the woman's life is in danger,^[389] conflicting with judicial precedent.

[uy-521] 1 2 A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[393]

[531] The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[396] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[397]^[398] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[399]^[400] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[401]^[402]

[539] Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[407]^[408]^[409]

[545] Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.^[414]

[zw-547] 1 2 The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."^[415]

[awcwsx-553] 1 2 3 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[53]

[560] The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,^[425] but it has not yet been approved.^[426]

[562] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.^[427]

[cw-565] 1 2 3 4 5 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[429]

[gi-570] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[432]^[433]

[gu-574] 1 2 3 4 5 Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[418]^[436]

[gg1-576] 1 2 3 4 5 6 In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[437] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[gg2-577] 1 2 This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[437]

[581] In July 2021, the parliament passed a law removing the gestational limit on abortion for fetal impairment and increasing it to 24 weeks for social reasons, but it still awaits royal assent and regulations to establish the commencement date.^[439]^[440]

[nu-592] 1 2 A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,^[446] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.^[447] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,^[448] but they remain in force in Niue^[449] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.^[450]

[mp-595] 1 2 3 4 5 6 The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject. However, according to an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general, U.S. judicial decisions on abortion apply to the territory, thus allowing abortion on request.^[451] Yet, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[452]^[418]

[597] Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[453]

[pr-600] 1 2 3 4 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[455]

[603] Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[456] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[457]

[sx-605] 1 2 3 4 5 Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[53]

[tk-608] 1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[460]

[tc-610] 1 2 This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[322] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[626] In Malta, only indirect abortion is de facto allowed under the principle of double effect.^[231]^[232]

[638] Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[483]^[484]^[485]^[486]^[487]

[639] For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[219]

[647] Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

[kaiser-1] 1 2 "Abortion Rates Similar In Countries That Legalize, Prohibit Procedure, Study Says". International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.

[kaiser2-2] 1 2 Sedgh, Gilda; Henshaw, Stanley; Singh, Susheela; Åhman, Elisabeth; Shah, Iqbal H. (13 August 2007). "Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide". The Lancet. 370 (9595): 1338–1345. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61575-X. PMID 17933648. S2CID 28458527.

[3] Susheela, Signh; Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Ashford, Lori S.; Vlassoff, Michael (2009). Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Newborn Health (PDF). New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund. pp. 17, 19, 27. Some 215 million women in the developing world as a whole have an unmet need for modern contraceptives[...] If the 215 million women with unmet need used modern family planning methods....[that] would result in about 22 million fewer unplanned births; 25 million fewer abortions; and seven million fewer miscarriages....If women's contraceptive needs were addressed (and assuming no changes in abortion laws)...the number of unsafe abortions would decline by 73% from 20 million to 5.5 million. A few of the findings in that report were subsequently changed, and are available at "Facts on Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health" (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012.

[4] Joffe, Carole (3 April 2009). "Abortion and Medicine: A Sociopolitical History". Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care: 1–9. doi:10.1002/9781444313031.ch1. ISBN 9781444313031 – via Wiley Online Library.

[5] "Decree on Women's Healthcare". People's Commissariat of Health. 18 November 1920. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.

[USSR1995-6] 1 2 Avdeev, Alexandre; Blum, Alain; Troitskaya, Irina (1995). "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991". Population: An English Selection. 7: 39–66. JSTOR 2949057.

[7] Goldman, Wendy Z. (2004). Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521458160.

[8] Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0141912240.

[9] Heer, David M. (1965). "Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union". Demography. 2: 531–539. doi:10.2307/2060137. JSTOR 2060137. S2CID 46960030.

[10] M., Akrivopoulou, Christina (2015). Protecting the Genetic Self from Biometric Threats: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy. IGI Global. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4666-8154-5.

[11] Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.

[tn-13] 1 2 Penal Code, 2012. Article 214 (in French).

[fr-16] 1 2 Law No. 2001-588 of 4 July 2001 regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy and contraception, Légifrance (in French).

[19] Law on interruption of pregnancy (abortion law), Lovdata. "[A]mending law of 16 June 1978 no. 66 from 1 January 1979 according to resolution of 1 December 1978" (in Norwegian).

[21] China, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.

[23] Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (1979), Lawinfochina (in English and Chinese).

[25] 国务院关于印发中国妇女发展纲要和中国儿童发展纲要的通知, Government of the People's Republic of China, 2021 (in Chinese).

[26] Yaqiu, Wang (27 September 2021). "Beijing to Reduce 'Non-Medically Necessary' Abortions". Human Rights Watch.

[27] Ahmed, Kaamil (27 September 2021). "China to clamp down on abortions for 'non-medical purposes'". The Guardian.

[bq1-29] 1 2 Abortion permit for hospital in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal, 16 June 2012.

[bq2-30] 1 2 Termination of pregnancy law, Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch).

[33] Tsogt, Bazarragchaa; Seded, Khishgee; Johnson, Brooke R.; Strategic Assessment Team (2 September 2008). "Applying the WHO Strategic Approach to Strengthening First and Second Trimester Abortion Services in Mongolia". Reproductive Health Matters. 16 (31 Suppl): 127–134. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31383-4. eISSN 1460-9576. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 18772093 – via Taylor & Francis Group.

[al-35] 1 2 "Për ndërprerjen e shtatëzënësisë" [On the Interruption of Pregnancy]. Law No. 8045 of 27 December 1995 (in Albanian). Parliament of Albania.

[st-37] 1 2 Penal Code, Government of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2012. Book II, title I, chapter II (in Portuguese).

[38] Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)

[40] "Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (Commencement) Order 2018". S.I. No. 594 of 2018 (PDF).

[ar-42] 1 2 3 "Acceso a la Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo" [Access to Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy]. Law No. 27.610 of 30 December 2020 (in Spanish). National Congress of Argentina.

[44] Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals (PDF). Vol. XIII. London: United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[bbc-45] 1 2 "Argentina abortion: Senate approves legalisation in historic decision". BBC. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[46] "En Uruguay, le Parlement vote la dépénalisation de l'avortement". Le Monde (in French). 17 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[mx1-47] 1 2 3 4 5 Abortion in Mexico: the Supreme Court decriminalizes the voluntary interruption of pregnancy in a historic ruling for the country, BBC, 7 September 2021. "The ruling only obligates Coahuila to modify its penal code in this regard. Therefore, it does not imply that abortion is now legal in all of Mexico, nor that the decriminalization affects all states automatically or that they are obligated to change their local legislation." (in Spanish)

[mx2-48] 1 2 3 4 5 Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)

[huffingtonpost.com-49] 1 2 Grimes, David A. (25 January 2016). "United Nations Committee Affirms Abortion As A Human Right". HuffPost. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[UN2019report-50] 1 2 3 4 5 World Population Policies 2017: Abortion Laws and Policies, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020.

[fi-51] 1 2 Law No. 239/1970 on Termination of Pregnancy, with updates as 2019, Finlex, 24 March 1970 (in Swedish).

[tiitinen-52] Tiitinen, Aila. "Raskauden keskeytys". Terveyskirjasto. Duodecim. Retrieved 10 August 2018.

[CQC2012-53] "Findings of termination of pregnancy inspections published". Care Quality Commission. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

[UN2019data-54] 1 2 3 Table 2: Countries by legal grounds for abortion (recoded), United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Policies 2017: Abortion laws and policies.

[55] "О здравоохранении" [On Health Care]. Article 40, Law of 29 January 2016 (in Russian). People's Assembly of Abkhazia.

[56] Afghanistan's Constitution of 2004, Constitute.

[57] Penal Code, Government of the Republic of Afghanistan, 7 October 1976.

[58] Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 15 May 2017 (in Pashto and Dari).

[59] Hasrat-Nazimi, Waslat (5 May 2012). "Afghan women use abortion as a way out". Deutsche Welle.

[60] Engel Rasmussen, Sune; Faizi, Fatima (26 April 2017). "'I am a criminal. What is my crime?': the human toll of abortion in Afghanistan". The Guardian.

[61] Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan, Al Jazeera, 23 August 2021.

[63] Collection of Regulatory Texts relative to the Management of Health Establishments, Med Ould-Kada, December 2020. Law 85-05 of 16 February 1985 regarding the protection and promotion of health. Article 72 (in French).

[64] Law 9/2005, of 21 February, qualified of the Penal code, Official Gazette of the Principality of Andorra, number 25, year 17, 23 March 2005. Articles 27, 107–109 (in Catalan).

[Bernhard_2019-65] Bernhard, Meg (22 October 2019). "Andorra's abortion rights revolution". Politico Europe. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[67] Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).

[68] Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020 (in Portuguese).

[70] Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.

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[380] Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2018. "Salhieh, the chief prosecutor, said that prosecutors obtained permission for seven women to have abortions in 2017, all in cases in which the women alleged that the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest and they were in the early stages of pregnancy."

[381] Palestine’s Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those [...] who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."

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[412] San Marino voters overwhelmingly back legal abortion, Associated Press, 26 September 2021. "With the 'yes' votes winning, San Marino's Parliament must now draft a bill to legalize the procedure."

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[bourne-428] 1 2 3 4 Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.

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[645] Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.

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[648] R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)

[649] T., S. c/ Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires s/ amparo, Supreme Court of Argentina, 11 January 2001 (in Spanish).

[650] R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)

[651] Tysiąc v Poland, Council of Europe, 20 March 2007.

[652] Women's Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014.

[653] Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011.

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Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings
Age of	Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage (in the US) Retirement age Mandatory retirement School-leaving age Legal smoking (in the US) Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age
Drugs	Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Other Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use
Death	Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide
Guns	Deaths Ownership Households Laws
Punishment	Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment
Obscenity	Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking
Reproduction	Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy
Censorship	Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country
Human rights	Children's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT rights Slavery Human trafficking
Freedom of movement	by country In the air Abode
Property and Environmental	Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water
Business	Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory
International ownership	International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System
Other	Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Police brutality prisoner abuse Religious law separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project
List of international rankings Lists by country

Sexual revolution
Main topics	Birth control Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf
Milestones	Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge Deep Throat Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn Loving v. Virginia Miller Test Obergefell v. Hodges "Porno chic" Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill (1965) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
Slogans	"Make love, not war" "The personal is political"
Events	AIDS epidemic Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots Summer of Love
People	Pat Califia Marilyn Chambers Aleister Crowley Gerard Damiano Betty Dodson Larry Flynt Sigmund Freud Ralph Ginzburg Al Goldstein Bob Guccione Fred Halsted Nina Hartley Hugh Hefner Magnus Hirschfeld David Hurles Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey Linda Lovelace Robert Mapplethorpe William Margold William Masters Radley Metzger Bettie Page Wilhelm Reich Marquis de Sade Margaret Sanger Annie Sprinkle Andy Warhol Ruth Westheimer Oscar Wilde
Places	55th Street Playhouse Caldron (sex club) Catacombs (sex club) Club Baths The Factory Gay bathhouse LGBT culture Dallas-Fort Worth Houston Miami New York City San Francisco Mineshaft (gay club) New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre Plato's Retreat Sandstone retreat South of Market
Related	Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Freudo-Marxism Hippie Inside Deep Throat (2005 film) Kinsey (2004 film) LGBT Lust Lovelace (2013 film) Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book) The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film) Peace movement Slut-shaming Whatever (1994 novel)