Animal tooth development

Time-lapse imaging of a developing tooth germ derived from a mouse embryo.

Tooth development or odontogenesis is the process in which teeth develop and grow into the mouth. Tooth development varies among species.

Tooth development in vertebrates

Fish

In fish, Hox gene expression regulates mechanisms for tooth initiation.[1][2]

However, sharks continuously produce new teeth throughout their lives[3][4][5] via a drastically different mechanism. Shark teeth form from modified scales near the tongue and move outward on the jaw in rows until they are eventually dislodged.[6] Their scales, called dermal denticles, and teeth are homologous organs.[7]

Mammals

Generally, tooth development in non-human mammals is similar to human tooth development. The variations usually lie in the morphology, number, development timeline, and types of teeth.[8] However, some mammals' teeth do develop differently than humans'.

In mice, WNT signals are required for the initiation of tooth development.[9][10] Rodents' teeth continually grow, forcing them to wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials.[11] If rodents are prevented from gnawing, their teeth eventually puncture the roofs of their mouths. In addition, rodent incisors consist of two halves, known as the crown and root analogues. The labial half is made of enamel and resembles a crown, while the lingual half is made of dentin and resembles a root. The mineral distribution in rodent enamel is different from that of monkeys, dogs, pigs, and humans.[12]

In horse teeth, enamel and dentin layers are intertwined, which increases the strength and decreases the wear rate of the teeth.[13][14] Contrary to popular belief, horse teeth do not "grow" indefinitely. Rather, existing tooth erupts from below the gumline. Horses start to "run out" of erupting tooth in their early 30s and in the rare case they live long enough, the roots of their teeth will fall out completely in the middle to latter part of their third decade.

In manatees, mandibular molars develop separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue. This also occurs in elephants' successional teeth, which erupt to replace worn teeth. Elephants have six sets of molars in their life, all of which grown from the back of their mouth and are then pushed forward.[15]

All members of the order Tubulidentata have no incisors or canines, their teeth have no enamel, and their molars grow continuously from the root.[16]

Human tooth development

When it comes to tooth development in humans, there are many differences in the way humans and other primates' teeth develop slowly over the beginning of their life. Once the dental tissue in primates and humans is formed, there are little changes made throughout the remainder of the organism's lifetime, but there are still factors such as tooth wear and dental disease can alter the dental tissue of primates.[17] The dental tissue in primates is a layered structure, and scientists are able to observe the layered structure chronologically to learn about the detailed development of their teeth. This layered structure is preserved throughout life for humans and primates.

Invertebrate "teeth"

True teeth are unique to vertebrates,[18] although some invertebrates have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth". The organism with the simplest genome bearing such "teeth" is probably the worm genus Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus).[19] Molluscs have a structure called a radula which bears a ribbon of chitinous "teeth". However, these are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth, and are unlikely to be homologous. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.[18]

Variation of tooth development across species

The study of tooth development across different species, invertebrates, and vertebrates indicates that tooth development varies greatly across different types of organisms. Organisms may vary from having few to no teeth at all to organisms that go through life with multiple layers of teeth. In some unique cases there are species with teeth that regenerate throughout their lifetime. Because of this, it is very important that scientists select specific species to study that may provide them with information as to how similar species' tooth development takes place. These organisms are chosen based on their specific early dental specification as well as tooth replacement ability. With an organism that has the ability to regenerate teeth, scientists have a unique opportunity to continuously study the specific odontogenic processes and mechanisms that lead to the development of teeth in different vertebrates.[20]

Genetics

In reptilian tooth development, some scientist have chosen to determine the location and function of the SHH gene as well as the odontogenic band to help collect information on how reptiles develop teeth at a young age.[20] The SHH gene gives instructions to produce a protein known as the Sonic Hedgehog protein, and this protein's function is to aid in certain required embryonic development processes. The SHH gene and proteins play major roles in not only the tooth development of organisms, but they also help in cell growth, specialization, and patterning of an organisms body.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fraser GJ, Hulsey CD, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman JT (February 2009). Jernvall J (ed.). "An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws". PLOS Biology. 7 (2): e31. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031. PMC 2637924. PMID 19215146.
  2. ↑ Fraser GJ, Bloomquist RF, Streelman JT (2008). "A periodic pattern generator for dental diversity". BMC Biology. 6: 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-32. PMC 2496899. PMID 18625062.
  3. ↑ Dave Abbott, Sharks, found here
  4. ↑ Boyne PJ (1970). "Study of the chronologic development and eruption of teeth in elasmobranchs". Journal of Dental Research. 49 (3): 556–60. doi:10.1177/00220345700490031501. PMID 5269110. S2CID 34954175.
  5. ↑ Sasagawa I (June 1989). "The fine structure of initial mineralisation during tooth development in the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo, Elasmobranchia". Journal of Anatomy. 164: 175–87. PMC 1256608. PMID 2606790.
  6. ↑ Michael E. Williams, Jaws: The early years, found here .
  7. ↑ Luan, X.; Ito, Y.; Diekwisch, T.G.H. (2005). "Evolution and development of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath". Developmental Dynamics. 235 (5): 1167–1180. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20674. PMC 2734338. PMID 16450392.
  8. ↑ Frandson and Spurgeon, Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals., p. 305.
  9. ↑ Dassule HR, Lewis P, Bei M, Maas R, McMahon AP (November 2000). "Sonic hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth". Development. 127 (22): 4775–85. doi:10.1242/dev.127.22.4775. PMID 11044393.
  10. ↑ Järvinen E, Salazar-Ciudad I, Birchmeier W, Taketo MM, Jernvall J, Thesleff I (December 2006). "Continuous tooth generation in mouse is induced by activated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (49): 18627–32. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607289103. PMC 1693713. PMID 17121988.
  11. ↑ Caceci. Veterinary Histology with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found here "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2006-04-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  12. ↑ Fejerskov O (March 1979). "Human dentition and experimental animals". Journal of Dental Research. 58 (Spec Issue B): 725–34. doi:10.1177/002203457905800224011. PMID 105027. S2CID 9282056.
  13. ↑ Jake Andersen, DMD, Teeth
  14. ↑ Encarta
  15. ↑ "Elephant Teeth". Elephant Facts. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  16. ↑ "Class Mammalia, Order Tubulidentata, Family Orycteropodidae, Species Orycteropus afer," University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Page accessed November 16, 2009.
  17. ↑ Hillson, Simon (2014). Tooth development in human evolution and bioarchaeology. New York. ISBN 978-1-107-01133-5. OCLC 863044047.
  18. 1 2 Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
  19. ↑ "Ancylostoma duodenale". Nematode.net Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  20. 1 2 Richman, Joy M.; Handrigan, Gregory R. (April 2011). "Reptilian tooth development". Genesis. 49 (4): 247–260. doi:10.1002/dvg.20721. PMID 21309070.
  21. ↑ "SHH gene: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
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