Arts syndrome

Arts syndrome
Other namesataxia-deafness-optic atrophy, lethal; ataxia - fatal x-linked with deafness and loss of vision
This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner

Arts syndrome is a rare metabolic disorder that causes serious neurological problems in males due to a malfunction of the PRPP synthetase 1 enzyme. Arts Syndrome is part of a spectrum of PRPS-1 related disorders with reduced activity of the enzyme that includes Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease and X-linked non-syndromic sensorineural deafness.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Males show more serious symptoms than females affected by this disorder.The symptoms for males are:

  • Profound sensorineural hearing loss i.e, a complete or almost complete loss of hearing caused by abnormalities in the inner ear.[2]
  • Weak muscle tone - Hypotonia.
  • Impaired muscle coordination - Ataxia.
  • Developmental delay.
  • Intellectual disability.
  • Vision loss caused by optic nerve atrophy in early childhood.[3]
  • Peripheral neuropathy.
  • Recurrent infections, especially in the respiratory system.
  • Muscle weakness caused by recurrent infections.

Symptoms for females:

Very rarely seen hearing loss that begins in adulthood (age > 20 years) combined with ataxia and neuropathy. Optic atrophy and retinitis pigmentosa[4] observed in some cases too.[5]

Cause

Arts syndrome is caused by a loss of function mutation in the PRPS1 gene.[5] The PRPS1 gene codes for the enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 or PRPP synthetase 1. This enzyme is involved in producing purines and pyrimidines which are the building blocks of DNA, RNA, ATP and other molecules. The mutations that cause Arts syndrome replace single amino acids the PRPP synthetase 1 enzyme.[6] The resulting enzyme is unstable. Disruption of purine and pyrimidine production may impair energy storage and transport in cells. Impairment of these processes may have a particularly severe effect on tissues that require a large amount of energy, such as the nervous system, resulting in the neurological problems characteristic of Arts syndrome. The reason for the increased risk of respiratory infections in Arts syndrome is unclear.

Novel missense mutation - c.367C>G (p.His123Asp) [2]

c.455T→C (p. L152P), c.398A→C (p.Q133P) [7]

p. Ile275Thr and p.Gly306Glu [8]

Genetics

Arts syndrome follows an X-linked inheritance. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell sometimes causes features of the disorder; in other cases, these females do not experience any symptoms. In the small number of Arts syndrome cases that have been identified, affected individuals have inherited the mutation from a mother who carries an altered copy of the PRPS1 gene. If the mother is a carrier, the chance of transmitting the PRPS1 mutation in each pregnancy is 50%. Males who inherit the mutation will be affected; females who inherit the mutation will be carriers and may or may not be mildly affected. Males with Arts syndrome do not reproduce.[9]

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5, Arts syndrome and X-linked nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness present three clinically distinct but genetically allelic disorders, caused by reduced phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRS1) activity due to PRPS1 mutations. Only three families with CMTX5 and two families Arts syndrome, respectively, have been reported worldwide so far. Thus, evidence is still rare whether these two disorders are separate entities, or rather clusters on a phenotypic continuum of PRPS1-related disease.

Diagnosis

Arts syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of infantile hypotonia and weakness aggravated by recurrent infection with a family history of X-linked inheritance. Sequence analysis of PRPS1, the only gene associated with Arts syndrome, has detected mutations in both kindreds reported to date. Arts syndrome patients were also found to have reduced levels of hypoxanthine levels in urine and uric acid levels in the serum.[7] In vitro, PRS-1 activity was reduced in erythrocytes and fibroblasts.

Treatment

Currently, purine replacement via S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) supplementation in people with Arts syndrome appears to improve their condition. This suggests that SAM supplementation can alleviate symptoms of PRPS1 deficient patients by replacing purine nucleotides [3] and open new avenues of therapeutic intervention.[7][10] Other non-clinical treatment options include educational programs tailored to their individual needs. Sensorineural hearing loss has been treated with cochlear implantation with good results. Ataxia and visual impairment from optic atrophy are treated in a routine manner. Routine immunizations against common childhood infections and annual influenza immunization can also help prevent any secondary infections from occurring.

Regular neuropsychological, audiologic, and ophthalmologic examinations are also recommended. Carrier testing for at-risk relatives and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk are possible if the disease-causing mutation in the family is known.[4][9]

References

  1. ↑ Synofzik, Matthis; Müller vom Hagen, Jennifer; Haack, Tobias B; Wilhelm, Christian; Lindig, Tobias; Beck-Wödl, Stefanie; Nabuurs, Sander B; van Kuilenburg, André BP; de Brouwer, Arjan PM (2014-02-14). "X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Arts syndrome, and prelingual non-syndromic deafness form a disease continuum: evidence from a family with a novel PRPS1 mutation". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9: 24. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-9-24. ISSN 1750-1172. PMC 3931488. PMID 24528855.
  2. 1 2 Maruyama, Koichi (November 2016). "Arts syndrome with a novel missense mutation in the PRPS1 gene: A case report". Brain and Development. 38 (10): 954–958. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2016.05.003. PMID 27256512. S2CID 30191340. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  3. 1 2 de Brouwer, Arjan P.M.; van Bokhoven, Hans; Nabuurs, Sander B.; Arts, Willem Frans; Christodoulou, John; Duley, John (2010-04-09). "PRPS1 Mutations: Four Distinct Syndromes and Potential Treatment". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (4): 506–518. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.024. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 2850427. PMID 20380929.
  4. 1 2 Kelley, Roger E.; Andersson, Hans C. (2014-01-01). Disorders of purines and pyrimidines. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 120. pp. 827–838. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00055-3. ISBN 9780702040870. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 24365355.
  5. 1 2 Moran, Rocio; Kuilenburg, André B. P.; Duley, John; Nabuurs, Sander B.; Retno-Fitri, Aditia; Christodoulou, John; Roelofsen, Jeroen; Yntema, Helger G.; Friedman, Neil R. (2012-02-01). "Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity and recurrent infections is caused by a p.Val142Leu mutation in PRS-I". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 158A (2): 455–460. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.34428. ISSN 1552-4833. PMID 22246954. S2CID 38472170.
  6. ↑ Pei, Wuhong; Xu, Lisha; Varshney, Gaurav K.; Carrington, Blake; Bishop, Kevin; Jones, MaryPat; Huang, Sunny C.; Idol, Jennifer; Pretorius, Pamela R. (2016-07-18). "Additive reductions in zebrafish PRPS1 activity result in a spectrum of deficiencies modeling several human PRPS1-associated diseases". Scientific Reports. 6: 29946. Bibcode:2016NatSR...629946P. doi:10.1038/srep29946. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4947902. PMID 27425195.
  7. 1 2 3 de Brouwer, Arjan P. M.; Williams, Kelly L.; Duley, John A.; van Kuilenburg, André B. P.; Nabuurs, Sander B.; Egmont-Petersen, Michael; Lugtenberg, Dorien; Zoetekouw, Lida; Banning, Martijn J. G. (2017-03-10). "Arts Syndrome Is Caused by Loss-of-Function Mutations in PRPS1". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (3): 507–518. doi:10.1086/520706. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1950830. PMID 17701896.
  8. ↑ Gandía, Marta; Fernández-Toral, Joaquín; Solanellas, Juan; Domínguez-Ruiz, María; Gómez-Rosas, Elena; Del Castillo, Francisco J.; Villamar, Manuela; Moreno-Pelayo, Miguel A.; Del Castillo, Ignacio (2015-07-01). "Mutations in PRPS1 causing syndromic or nonsyndromic hearing impairment: intrafamilial phenotypic variation complicates genetic counseling". Pediatric Research. 78 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1038/pr.2015.56. ISSN 1530-0447. PMID 25785835.
  9. 1 2 de Brouwer, Arjan P.M.; Duley, John A.; Christodoulou, John (1993-01-01). "Arts Syndrome". In Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora J.H.; Bird, Thomas D.; Ledbetter, Nikki; Mefford, Heather C. (eds.). GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301738.
  10. ↑ Mittal, Rahul; Patel, Kunal; Mittal, Jeenu; Chan, Brandon; Yan, Denise; Grati, M'hamed; Liu, Xue Zhong (2015-01-01). "Association of PRPS1 Mutations with Disease Phenotypes". Disease Markers. 2015: 127013. doi:10.1155/2015/127013. ISSN 0278-0240. PMC 4458296. PMID 26089585.
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