Bacillus fastidiosus

Bacillus fastidiosus
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species:
B. fastidiosus
Binomial name
Bacillus fastidiosus
den Dooren de Jong 1929 (Approved Lists 1980)

Bacillus fastidiosus is an aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium that has been isolated from soil and poultry litter.[1] The species was first isolated and described by the scientist Den Dooren de Jong in 1929.[2] This organism is a mesophile that contains ellipsoidal spores that do not cause swelling of the sporangia. Bacillus fastidiosus is only able to grow in the presence of uric acid, allantoin, or allantoic acid.[1]

This species has been recently transferred into the genus Metabacillus.[3] The correct nomenclature is Metabacillus fastidiosus.

Morphology

Bacillus fastidiosus has peritrichous flagella meaning that it has flagella in a uniform distribution all over the cell that it uses for motility.[2] Cells of this species are about 5 µm long and 1.5 µm wide.[4] They may contain endospores that can be located centrally, paracentrally, or subterminally. This bacterium is typically grown on 1% uric acid agar and colonies can have a rhizoid appearance. Colonies are typically opaque and may become yellowish over time. The cells will produce ammonia as a byproduct of their metabolism, which means that their microenvironment will become highly alkaline. This creates a self-limiting cycle that creates zones of inhibition around each colony. B. fastidiosus is catalase and oxidase positive. It is unable to produce acid or gas when grown in the presence of carbohydrates such as glucose. B. fastidiosus is able to hydrolyze urea, but it is unable to hydrolyze casein, gelatin, or starch.[1]

Metabolism

Bacillus fastidious has the ability to use uricase to degrade uric acid to allantoin, and then use allantoinase to degrade allantoin to allantoate.[5] It also has the ability to further break down allantoate to ammonia and ureidoglycolate via the enzyme allantoate amidohydrolase.[5] The liberation of ammonia causes its local environment to rise to a pH between 8 and 9. However, attempts to grow Bacillus fastidious at those higher pH's without urea present were unsuccessful.[4] It is able to metabolize ureidoglycolate further into urea and glyoxylate using the enzyme ureidoglycolase.[5] Bacillus fastidious is also able to use urease to degrade urea.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Garrity, George; Vos, Paul; Jones, Dorothy; Krieg, Noel; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz; Ludwig, Wolfgang; Rainey, Fred; Whitman, William (2009). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 99. ISBN 978-0387950419.
  2. 1 2 Kaltwasser, H. (22 March 1971). "Studies on the Physiology of Bacillus fastidious". Journal of Bacteriology. 107 (3): 780–786. PMC 247000. PMID 5095289.
  3. ↑ Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026.
  4. 1 2 LEADBETTER, E. R.; HOLT, S. C. (12 January 1968). "The Fine Structure of Bacillus fastidiosus". Journal of General Microbiology. 52 (2): 299–306. doi:10.1099/00221287-52-2-299.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bongaerts, G. P. A; Vogels, G. D (1976). "Uric Acid Degradation by Bacillus fastidiosus Strains". Journal of Bacteriology. 125 (2): 689–697. PMC 236130. PMID 1245468.
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