Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester

Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • Investigational
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • Ethyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-11,11-d2-octadecadienoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
UNII
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H34D2O2
Molar mass310.517 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density0.88 g/cm3
Boiling point173–177 °C (343–351 °F)
SMILES
  • CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C20H36O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20(21)22-4-2/h8-9,11-12H,3-7,10,13-19H2,1-2H3/b9-8-,12-11-/i10D2
  • Key:FMMOOAYVCKXGMF-XMCVDNGOSA-N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)

Di-deuterated ethyl linoleate (also known as RT001, di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester, 11,11-d2-ethyl linoleate, or ethyl 11,11-d2-linoleate)[1] is an experimental, orally-bioavailable synthetic deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), a part of reinforced lipids. It is an isotopologue of linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 PUFA. The deuterated compound, while identical to natural linoleic acid except for the presence of deuterium, is resistant to lipid peroxidation which makes studies of its cell-protective properties worthwhile.

Mechanism of action

An animated illustration of a chain reaction with slow elements

Di-deuterated linoleic acid is recognized by cells as identical to the natural linoleic acid. But when taken up, it is converted into 13,13-d2-arachidonic acid, a heavy isotope version of arachidonic acid, that gets incorporated into lipid membranes. The deuterated compound resists the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) through isotope effect — a non-antioxidant based mechanism that protects mitochondrial, neuronal and other lipid membranes, thereby greatly reducing the levels of numerous LPO-derived toxic products such as reactive carbonyls.[2][3]

Clinical development

Friedreich's ataxia

A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial for Friedreich's ataxia, sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance, was conducted to determine the safety profile and appropriate dosing for consequent trials.[4] RT001 was promptly absorbed and was found to be safe and tolerable over 28 days at the maximal dose of 9 g/day. It improved peak workload and peak oxygen consumption in the test group compared to the control group who received the equal doses of normal, non-deuterated ethyl linoleate.[5] Another randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study began in 2019.[6]

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy

An open-label clinical study for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy evaluating long-term evaluation of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of RT001, which, when taken with food, can protect the neuronal cells from degeneration, started in the Summer 2018.[7]

Phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration

In 2017, the FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN).[8]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

In 2018, RT001 was given to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) under a "compassionate use scheme".[9]

Progressive supranuclear palsy

In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation RT001 for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; RT001’s mechanism of action both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell death of neurons which is associated with disease onset and progression.[10]

Preclinical research

Alzheimer's disease

RT001 has been shown to be effective in a model of Alzheimer's disease in mice.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "9-cis, 12-cis-11,11-D2-Linoleic acid ethyl ester". PubChem.
  2. ↑ Hill S, Lamberson CR, Xu L, To R, Tsui HS, Shmanai VV, et al. (August 2012). "Small amounts of isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress lipid autoxidation". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 53 (4): 893–906. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.004. PMC 3437768. PMID 22705367.
  3. ↑ Demidov, Vadim V. (April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036.
  4. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT02445794 for "A First in Human Study of RT001 in Patients With Friedreich's Ataxia" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  5. ↑ Zesiewicz T, Heerinckx F, De Jager R, Omidvar O, Kilpatrick M, Shaw J, Shchepinov MS (July 2018). "Randomized, clinical trial of RT001: Early signals of efficacy in Friedreich's ataxia". Movement Disorders. 33 (6): 1000–1005. doi:10.1002/mds.27353. PMID 29624723. S2CID 4664990.
  6. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT04102501 for "A Study to Assess Efficacy, Long Term Safety and Tolerability of RT001 in Subjects With Friedreich's Ataxia" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  7. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT03570931 for "A Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of RT001 in Subjects With Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  8. ↑ "US FDA Grants Orphan Drug Designation for Retrotope's RT001 in the Treatment of Phospholipase 2G6 (PLA2G6)-Associated Neurodegeneration". Global Newswire. 2 November 2017.
  9. ↑ Inacio P (2018-09-18). "Experimental RT001 Now Available for ALS Under Expanded Access". ALS News Today.
  10. ↑ "RT001 Gets Orphan Drug Designation in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy".
  11. ↑ Butterfield DA, Halliwell B (March 2019). "Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 20 (3): 148–160. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0132-6. PMID 30737462. S2CID 59617957.
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