Dupuytren's contracture

Not to be confused with Dupuytren fracture.
Dupuytren's contracture
Other names: Dupuytren's disease, Viking disease,[1] contraction of palmar fascia, palmar fascial fibromatosis, palmar fibromas[2]
Dupuytren's contracture of the ring finger
Pronunciation
  • /dəˌpwiːˈtræ̃z, -ˈpwiːtrənz/[3]
SpecialtyRheumatology
SymptomsOne or more fingers permanently bent in a flexed position, hard nodule just under the skin of the palm[2]
ComplicationsTrouble preparing food or writing[2]
Usual onsetGradual onset in males over 50[2]
CausesUnknown[4]
Risk factorsFamily history, alcoholism, smoking, thyroid problems, liver disease, diabetes, epilepsy[2][4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[4]
TreatmentSteroid injections, clostridial collagenase injections, surgery[4][5]
Frequency~5% (US)[2]

Dupuytren's contracture is a condition in which one or more fingers become permanently bent in a flexed position.[2] It usually begins as small, hard nodules just under the skin of the palm,[2] then worsens over time until the fingers can no longer be straightened. While typically not painful, some aching or itching may be present.[2] The ring finger followed by the little and middle fingers are most commonly affected.[2] The condition can interfere with preparing food, writing, and other activities.[2]

The cause is unknown.[4] Risk factors include family history, alcoholism, smoking, thyroid problems, liver disease, diabetes, previous hand trauma, and epilepsy.[2][4] The underlying mechanism involves the formation of abnormal connective tissue within the palmar fascia.[2] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms.[4]

Initial treatment is typically with steroid injections into the affected area, and physical therapy.[4] Among those who worsen, clostridial collagenase injections or surgery may be tried.[4][5] While radiation therapy is used to treat this condition, the evidence for this use is poor.[6] The condition may recur despite treatment.[4]

Dupuytren's most often occurs in males over the age of 50.[2] It mostly affects white people, and is rare among Asians and Africans.[7] It is sometimes called the "Viking disease", since it is more common among those of Nordic descent.[7] In the United States about 5% of people are affected at some point in time, while in Norway about 30% of men over 60 years old have the condition.[2] In the United Kingdom, about 20% of people over 65 have some form of the disease.[7] It is named after Guillaume Dupuytren, who first described the underlying mechanism in 1833.[7]

Signs and symptoms

Typically, Dupuytren's contracture first presents as a thickening or nodule in the palm, which initially can be with or without pain.[8] Later in the disease process, which can be years later,[9] there is painless increasing loss of range of motion of the affected finger(s). The earliest sign of a contracture is a triangular “puckering” of the skin of the palm as it passes over the flexor tendon just before the flexor crease of the finger, at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint.

Generally, the cords or contractures are painless, but, rarely, tenosynovitis can occur and produce pain. The most common finger to be affected is the ring finger; the thumb and index finger are much less often affected.[10] The disease begins in the palm and moves towards the fingers, with the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints affected before the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints.[11]

In Dupuytren's contracture, the palmar fascia within the hand becomes abnormally thick, which can cause the fingers to curl and can impair finger function. The main function of the palmar fascia is to increase grip strength; thus, over time, Dupuytren's contracture decreases a person's ability to hold objects. People may report pain, aching, and itching with the contractions. Normally, the palmar fascia consists of collagen type I, but in Dupuytren sufferers, the collagen changes to collagen type III, which is significantly thicker than collagen type I.

  • Dupuytren contracture
    Dupuytren contracture
  • Dupuytren contracture
    Dupuytren contracture
  • Dupuytren's contracture of the right little finger. Arrow marks the area of scarring
    Dupuytren's contracture of the right little finger. Arrow marks the area of scarring

People with severe involvement often show lumps on the back of their finger joints (called “Garrod's pads”, “knuckle pads”, or “dorsal Dupuytren nodules”), and lumps in the arch of the feet (plantar fibromatosis or Ledderhose disease).[12] In severe cases, the area where the palm meets the wrist may develop lumps.

Risk factors

Dupuytren's contracture is a non-specific affliction, but primarily affects:

Non-modifiable

  • People of Scandinavian or Northern European ancestry;[13] it has been called the "Viking disease",[7] though it is also widespread in some Mediterranean countries, e.g., Spain[14] and Bosnia.[15][16] Dupuytren's is unusual among ethnic groups such as Chinese and Africans.[17]
  • Men rather than women; men are more likely to develop the condition (80%)[10][13][18]
  • People over the age of 50 (5% to 15% of men in that group in the US); the likelihood of getting Dupuytren's disease increases with age[10][17][18]
  • People with a family history (60% to 70% of those afflicted have a genetic predisposition to Dupuytren's contracture)[10][19]

Modifiable

Other conditions

In one study, those with stage 2 of the disease were found to have a slightly increased risk of mortality, especially from cancer.[22]

Diagnosis

Types

According to the American Dupuytren's specialist Dr. Charles Eaton, there may be three types of Dupuytren's disease:[23]

  • Type 1: A very aggressive form of the disease found in only 3% of people with Dupuytren's, which can affect men under 50 with a family history of Dupuytren's. It is often associated with other symptoms such as knuckle pads and Ledderhose disease. This type is sometimes known as Dupuytren's diathesis.[24]
  • Type 2: The more normal type of Dupuytren's disease, usually found in the palm only, and which generally begins above the age of 50. According to Eaton, this type may be made more severe by other factors such as diabetes or heavy manual labor.
  • Type 3: A mild form of Dupuytren's which is common among diabetics or which may also be caused by certain medications, such as the anti-convulsants taken by people with epilepsy. This type does not lead to full contracture of the fingers, and is probably not inherited.

Treatment

Treatment is indicated when the so-called table-top test is positive. With this test, the person places their hand on a table. If the hand lies completely flat on the table, the test is considered negative. If the hand cannot be placed completely flat on the table, leaving a space between the table and a part of the hand as big as the diameter of a ballpoint pen, the test is considered positive and surgery or other treatment may be indicated. Additionally, finger joints may become fixed and rigid.

There are several types of treatment, with some hands needing repeated treatment.

The main categories listed by the International Dupuytren Society in order of stage of disease are radiation therapy, needle aponeurotomy (NA), collagenase injection, and hand surgery. As of 2016 the evidence on the efficacy of radiation therapy was considered inadequate in quantity and quality, and difficult to interpret because of uncertainty about the natural history of Dupuytren's disease.[25]

Needle aponeurotomy is most effective for Stages I and II, covering 6–90 degrees of deformation of the finger. However, it is also used at other stages.

Collagenase injection is likewise most effective for Stages I and II. However, it is also used at other stages.

Hand surgery is effective at Stage I – Stage IV.[26]

Surgery

On 12 June 1831, Dupuytren performed a surgical procedure on a person with contracture of the 4th and 5th digits who had been previously told by other surgeons that the only remedy was cutting the flexor tendons. He described the condition and the operation in The Lancet in 1834[27] after presenting it in 1833, and posthumously in 1836 in a French publication by Hôtel-Dieu de Paris.[28] The procedure he described was a minimally invasive needle procedure.

Because of high recurrence rates, new surgical techniques were introduced, such as fasciectomy and then dermofasciectomy. Most of the diseased tissue is removed with these procedures.Recurrence rates are high. For some individuals, the partial insertion of "K wires" into either the DIP or PIP joint of the affected digit for a period of a least 21 days to fuse the joint is the only way to halt the disease's progress. After removal of the wires, the joint is fixed into flexion, which is considered preferable to fusion at extension.

In extreme cases, amputation of fingers may be needed for severe or recurrent cases or after surgical complications.[29]

Limited fasciectomy

Hand immediately after surgery, and completely healed

Limited/selective fasciectomy removes the pathological tissue, and is a common approach.[30][31] Low-quality evidence suggests that fasciectomy may be more effective for people with advanced Dupuytren's contractures.[32]

During the procedure, the person is under regional or general anesthesia. A surgical tourniquet prevents blood flow to the limb.[33] The skin is often opened with a zig-zag incision but straight incisions with or without Z-plasty are also described and may reduce damage to neurovascular bundles.[34] All diseased cords and fascia are excised.[30][31][33] The excision has to be very precise to spare the neurovascular bundles.[33] Because not all the diseased tissue is visible macroscopically, complete excision is uncertain.[31]

A 20-year review of surgical complications associated with fasciectomy showed that major complications occurred in 15.7% of cases, including digital nerve injury (3.4%), digital artery injury (2%), infection (2.4%), hematoma (2.1%), and complex regional pain syndrome (5.5%), in addition to minor complications including painful flare reactions in 9.9% of cases and wound healing complications in 22.9% of cases.[35] After the tissue is removed, the surgeon closes the incision. In the case of a shortage of skin, the transverse part of the zig-zag incision is left open. Stitches are removed 10 days after surgery.[33]

After surgery, the hand is wrapped in a light compressive bandage for one week. People start bending and extending their fingers as soon as the anesthesia has resolved. It is often common to experience tingling within the first week of surgery.[32] Hand therapy is often recommended.[33] Approximately 6 weeks after surgery people are able to completely use their hand.[36]

The average recurrence rate is 39% after a fasciectomy after a median interval of about 4 years.[37]

Wide-awake fasciectomy

Limited/selective fasciectomy under local anesthesia (LA) with epinephrine but no tourniquet is possible. In 2005, Denkler described the technique.[38][39]

Dermofasciectomy

Dermofasciectomy is a surgical procedure that may be used when:

  • The skin is clinically involved (pits, tethering, deficiency, etc)
  • The risk of recurrence is high and the skin appears uninvolved (subclinical skin involvement occurs in ~50% of cases[40])
  • Recurrent disease.[31] Similar to a limited fasciectomy, the dermofasciectomy removes diseased cords, fascia, and the overlying skin.[41]

Typically, the excised skin is replaced with a skin graft, usually full-thickness,[31] consisting of the epidermis and the entire dermis. In most cases the graft is taken from the antecubital fossa (the crease of skin at the elbow joint) or the inner side of the upper arm.[41][42] This place is chosen because the skin color best matches the palm's skin color. The skin on the inner side of the upper arm is thin and has enough skin to supply a full-thickness graft. The donor site can be closed with a direct suture.[41]

The graft is sutured to the skin surrounding the wound. For one week the hand is protected with a dressing. The hand and arm are elevated with a sling. The dressing is then removed and careful mobilization can be started, gradually increasing in intensity.[41] After this procedure the risk of recurrence is minimised,[31][41][42] but Dupuytren's can recur in the skin graft[43] and complications from surgery may occur.[44]

Segmental fasciectomy with/without cellulose

Segmental fasciectomy involves excising part(s) of the contracted cord so that it disappears or no longer contracts the finger. It is less invasive than the limited fasciectomy, because not all the diseased tissue is excised and the skin incisions are smaller.[45]

The person is placed under regional anesthesia and a surgical tourniquet is used. The skin is opened with small curved incisions over the diseased tissue. If necessary, incisions are made in the fingers.[45] Pieces of cord and fascia of approximately one centimeter are excised. The cords are placed under maximum tension while they are cut. A scalpel is used to separate the tissues.[45] The surgeon keeps removing small parts until the finger can fully extend.[45][46] The person is encouraged to start moving his or her hand the day after surgery. They wear an extension splint for two to three weeks, except during physical therapy.[45]

The same procedure is used in the segmental fasciectomy with cellulose implant. After the excision and a careful hemostasis, the cellulose implant is placed in a single layer in between the remaining parts of the cord.[46]

After surgery people wear a light pressure dressing for four days, followed by an extension splint. The splint is worn continuously during nighttime for eight weeks. During the first weeks after surgery the splint may be worn during daytime.[46]

Less invasive treatments

Studies have been conducted for percutaneous release, extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy with lipografting and collagenase. These treatments show promise.[47][48][49][50]

Percutaneous needle fasciotomy

Needle aponeurotomy is a minimally-invasive technique where the cords are weakened through the insertion and manipulation of a small needle. The cord is sectioned at as many levels as possible in the palm and fingers, depending on the location and extent of the disease, using a 25-gauge needle mounted on a 10 ml syringe.[47] Once weakened, the offending cords can be snapped by putting tension on the finger(s) and pulling the finger(s) straight. After the treatment a small dressing is applied for 24 hours, after which people are able to use their hands normally. No splints or physiotherapy are given.[47]

The advantage of needle aponeurotomy is the minimal intervention without incision (done in the office under local anesthesia) and the very rapid return to normal activities without need for rehabilitation, but the nodules may resume growing.[51] A study reported postoperative gain is greater at the MCP-joint level than at the level of the IP-joint and found a reoperation rate of 24%; complications are scarce.[52] Needle aponeurotomy may be performed on fingers that are severely bent (stage IV), and not just in early stages. A 2003 study showed 85% recurrence rate after 5 years.[53]

A comprehensive review of the results of needle aponeurotomy in 1,013 fingers was performed by Gary M. Pess, MD, Rebecca Pess, DPT, and Rachel Pess, PsyD, and published in the Journal of Hand Surgery April 2012. Minimal follow-up was 3 years. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MP) contractures were corrected at an average of 99% and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) contractures at an average of 89% immediately post procedure. At final follow-up, 72% of the correction was maintained for MP joints and 31% for PIP joints. The difference between the final corrections for MP versus PIP joints was statistically significant. When a comparison was performed between people aged 55 years and older versus under 55 years, there was a statistically significant difference at both MP and PIP joints, with greater correction maintained in the older group.

Gender differences were not statistically significant. Needle aponeurotomy provided successful correction to 5° or less contracture immediately post procedure in 98% (791) of MP joints and 67% (350) of PIP joints. There was recurrence of 20° or less over the original post-procedure corrected level in 80% (646) of MP joints and 35% (183) of PIP joints. Complications were rare except for skin tears, which occurred in 3.4% (34) of digits. This study showed that NA is a safe procedure that can be performed in an outpatient setting. The complication rate was low, but recurrences were frequent in younger people and for PIP contractures.[54]

Extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipografting

A technique introduced in 2011 is extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy with lipografting.[48] This procedure also uses a needle to cut the cords. The difference with the percutaneous needle fasciotomy is that the cord is cut at many places. The cord is also separated from the skin to make place for the lipograft that is taken from the abdomen or ipsilateral flank.[48] This technique shortens the recovery time. The fat graft results in supple skin.[48]

Before the aponeurotomy, a liposuction is done to the abdomen and ipsilateral flank to collect the lipograft.[48] The treatment can be performed under regional or general anesthesia. The digits are placed under maximal extension tension using a firm lead hand retractor. The surgeon makes multiple palmar puncture wounds with small nicks. The tension on the cords is crucial, because tight constricting bands are most susceptible to be cut and torn by the small nicks, whereas the relatively loose neurovascular structures are spared. After the cord is completely cut and separated from the skin the lipograft is injected under the skin. A total of about 5 to 10 ml is injected per ray.[48]

After the treatment the person wears an extension splint for 5 to 7 days. Thereafter the person returns to normal activities and is advised to use a night splint for up to 20 weeks.[48]

Collagenase

Main article: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum
Collagenase enzyme injection: before, next day, and two weeks after first treatment

Clostridial collagenase injections have been found to be more effective than placebo.[5] The cords are weakened through the injection of small amounts of the enzyme collagenase, which breaks peptide bonds in collagen.[49][55][56][57][50]

The treatment with collagenase is different for the MCP joint and the PIP joint. In a MCP joint contracture the needle must be placed at the point of maximum bowstringing of the palpable cord.[49]

The needle is placed vertically on the bowstring. The collagenase is distributed across three injection points.[49] For the PIP joint the needle must be placed not more than 4 mm distal to palmar digital crease at 2–3 mm depth.[49] The injection for PIP consists of one injection filled with 0.58 mg CCH 0.20 ml.[50] The needle must be placed horizontal to the cord and also uses a 3-point distribution.[49] After the injection the person’s hand is wrapped in bulky gauze dressing and must be elevated for the rest of the day. After 24 hours the person returns for passive digital extension to rupture the cord. Moderate pressure for 10–20 seconds ruptures the cord.[49]

After the treatment with collagenase the person should use a night splint and perform digital flexion/extension exercises several times per day for 4 months.[49]

In February 2010 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved injectable collagenase extracted from Clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture in adults with a palpable Dupuytren's cord. (Three years later, it was approved as well for the treatment of the sometimes related Peyronie's disease.)[58][9] In 2011 its use for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture was approved as well by the European Medicines Agency, and it received similar approval in Australia in 2013.[9]

Radiation therapy

Shows the beam's-eye view of the radiotherapy portal on the hand's surface, with the lead shield cut-out placed in the machine's gantry

Radiation therapy has been used mostly for early-stage disease, but is unproven.[6] Evidence to support its use as of 2017, however, was poor—efforts to gather evidence are complicated due to a poor understanding of the how the condition develops over time.[6][59] It has only been looked at in early disease.[6]

Alternative medicine

Several alternate therapies such as vitamin E treatment have been studied, though without control groups. Most doctors do not value those treatments.[60] None of these treatments stops or cures the condition permanently.

Laser treatment (using red and infrared at low power) was informally discussed in 2013 at an International Dupuytren Society forum,[61] as of which time little or no formal evaluation of the techniques had been completed.

Only anecdotal evidence supports other compounds such as vitamin E.[62]

Postoperative care

Postoperative care involves hand therapy and splinting. Hand therapy is prescribed to optimize post-surgical function and to prevent joint stiffness.

Besides hand therapy, many surgeons advise the use of static or dynamic splints after surgery to maintain finger mobility. The splint is used to provide prolonged stretch to the healing tissues and prevent flexion contractures. Although splinting is a widely used post-operative intervention, evidence of its effectiveness is limited,[63] leading to variation in splinting approaches. Most surgeons use clinical experience to decide whether to splint.[64] Cited advantages include maintenance of finger extension and prevention of new flexion contractures. Cited disadvantages include joint stiffness, prolonged pain, discomfort,[64] subsequently reduced function and edema.

A third approach emphasizes early self-exercise and stretching.[39]

Prognosis

Dupuytren’s disease has a high recurrence rate, especially when a person has so-called Dupuytren’s diathesis. The term diathesis relates to certain features of Dupuytren's disease, and indicates an aggressive course of disease.[24]

The presence of all new Dupuytren’s diathesis factors increases the risk of recurrent Dupuytren’s disease by 71%, compared with a baseline risk of 23% in people lacking the factors.[24] In another study the prognostic value of diathesis was evaluated. It was concluded that presence of diathesis can predict recurrence and extension.[65] A scoring system was made to evaluate the risk of recurrence and extension, based on the following values: bilateral hand involvement, little-finger surgery, early onset of disease, plantar fibrosis, knuckle pads, and radial side involvement.[65]

Minimally invasive therapies may precede higher recurrence rates. Recurrence lacks a consensus definition. Furthermore, different standards and measurements follow from the various definitions.

Notable cases

  • Misha Dichter (born 1945), American pianist[66]
  • John Elway (born 1960), American football player[67]
  • Bill Frindall (1939–2009), English cricket player and statistician, who had a finger amputated.[68]
  • Tim Herron (born 1970), American golfer[69]
  • Prince Joachim of Denmark (born 1969)[70]
  • Paul Newman (1928–2008), American actor and film director[71]
  • Bill Nighy (born 1949), English actor[72]
  • Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), American President and actor[73]
  • Frank Sinatra (1915–1998), American singer, actor, and producer[74]
  • Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom[73]

References

  1. ↑ Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (6 ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. 2003. p. 989. ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Dupuytren contracture". Genetics Home Reference. September 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  3. ↑ "Merriam-Webster – Dupuytren's contracture". Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Dupuytren's Contracture". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2005. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 Brazzelli, M; Cruickshank, M; Tassie, E; McNamee, P; Robertson, C; Elders, A; Fraser, C; Hernandez, R; Lawrie, D; Ramsay, C (October 2015). "Collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture: systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment. 19 (90): 1–202. doi:10.3310/hta19900. PMC 4781188. PMID 26524616.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kadhum, M; Smock, E; Khan, A; Fleming, A (1 March 2017). "Radiotherapy in Dupuytren's disease: a systematic review of the evidence". The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 42 (7): 689–692. doi:10.1177/1753193417695996. PMID 28490266. On balance, radiotherapy should be considered an unproven treatment for early Dupuytren's disease due to a scarce evidence base and unknown long-term adverse effects.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hart, M. G.; Hooper, G. (2005). "Clinical associations of Dupuytren's disease". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 81 (957): 425–8. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.027425. PMC 1743313. PMID 15998816.
  8. ↑ "Dupuytren's contracture – Symptoms". National Health Service (England). 2017-10-19. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Page last reviewed: 29/05/2015
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  13. 1 2 "Your Orthopaedic Connection: Dupuytren's Contracture". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13.
  14. ↑ Guitian, A. Quintana (1988). "Quelques aspects épidémiologiques de la maladie de Dupuytren" [Various epidemiologic aspects of Dupuytren's disease]. Annales de Chirurgie de la Main (in Spanish). 7 (3): 256–62. doi:10.1016/S0753-9053(88)80013-9. PMID 3056294.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ↑ Zerajic, Dragan; Finsen, Vilhjalmur (2012). "The Epidemiology of Dupuytren's Disease in Bosnia". Dupuytren's Disease and Related Hyperproliferative Disorders. pp. 123–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22697-7_16. ISBN 978-3-642-22696-0.
  16. ↑ "Age and geographic distribution of Dupuytren's disease (Dupuytren's contracture)". Dupuytren-online.info. 2012-11-21. Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gudmundsson, Kristján G.; Arngrı́Msson, Reynir; Sigfússon, Nikulás; Björnsson, Árni; Jónsson, Thorbjörn (2000). "Epidemiology of Dupuytren's disease". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 53 (3): 291–6. doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00145-6. PMID 10760640.
  18. 1 2 3 Mark D. Miller, Jennifer Hart, John M. MacKnight (2019). Essential Orthopaedics E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323567046. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-01-17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ "Dupuytren's Contracture". Archived from the original on 2016-06-16.
  20. 1 2 Burge, Peter; Hoy, Greg; Regan, Padraic; Milne, Ruairidh (1997). "Smoking, Alcohol and the Risk of Dupuytren's Contracture". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 79 (2): 206–10. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.79b2.6990. PMID 9119843.
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  22. ↑ Gudmundsson, Kristján G.; Arngrı́Msson, Reynir; Sigfússon, Nikulás; Jónsson, Thorbjörn (2002). "Increased total mortality and cancer mortality in men with Dupuytren's disease". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 55 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00413-9. PMID 11781116.
  23. ↑ Eaton, C. "Three types of Dupuytren Disease?" (Dupuytren's Foundation website) Archived 2016-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
  24. 1 2 3 Hindocha, Sandip; Stanley, John K.; Watson, Stewart; Bayat, Ardeshir (2006). "Dupuytren's Diathesis Revisited: Evaluation of Prognostic Indicators for Risk of Disease Recurrence". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 31 (10): 1626–34. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.09.006. PMID 17145383.
  25. ↑ "Radiation therapy for early Dupuytren's disease - Recommendations". NICE (UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence). December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
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  27. ↑ "Clinical Lectures on Surgery". The Lancet. 22 (558): 222–5. 1834. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)77708-8. hdl:2027/uc1.$b426113. Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  28. ↑ Dupuytren, Guillaume (1836). "Rétraction Permanente des Doigts". Leçons Orales de Clinique Chirurgicale, Faites a l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. 1: 1–12.
  29. ↑ Townley, W. A.; Baker, R.; Sheppard, N.; Grobbelaar, A. O. (2006). "Dupuytren's contracture unfolded". BMJ. 332 (7538): 397–400. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7538.397. PMC 1370973. PMID 16484265.
  30. 1 2 Skoff, H. D. (2004). "The surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture: A synthesis of techniques". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 113 (2): 540–4. doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000101054.80392.88. PMID 14758215. S2CID 41351257.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khashan, Morsi; Smitham, P. J.; Khan, W. S.; Goddard, N. J. (2011). "Dupuytren's Disease: Review of the Current Literature". The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 5: 283–8. doi:10.2174/1874325001105010283. PMC 3149852. PMID 21886694.
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