Elastofibroma

Elastofibroma
Other names: Elastofibroma dorsi[1]
Bilateral elastofibroma dorsi in native computed tomography: left image axial in prone position (for biopsy), right image oblique coronal view.
SymptomsSlow growing painless lump[1]
Usual onsetElderly[1]
CausesUnknown[1]
Diagnostic methodMedical imaging[1]
PrognosisGood with resection[1]
FrequencyUnknown, females>males[1]

Elastofibroma is a non-cancerous ill-defined fibroelastic soft tissue tumor made up of enlarged and irregular elastic fibers.[1] The World Health Organization, 2020, has classified elastofibroma tumors as one specific type of the fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors.[2] It typically presents as a slow growing painless lump in older people.[1]

The cause is unknown.[1]

Females are affected slightly more frequently than males.[1] The exact prevalence is not known; 2% of adults over age 60-years have a detectable lesion on CT scan, and in over 55-year olds that have an autopsy around 16% have a lesion.[1]

Signs and Symptoms

It generally presents with a slow growing, deep-seated, firm mass, often presenting bilaterally. There may be pain or tenderness, but this is rare.[3][4][5]

Cause

There are several theories about origin:

  • There is support for a genetic predisposition, as there are alterations of short arm of chromosome 1;
  • Multifocality may suggest systemic enzymatic defect, resulting in abnormal elastogenesis;
  • Repeated trauma or friction seems unlikely, but is still a possibility.[5]

Diagnosis

By computed tomography, there is a poorly circumscribed, heterogeneous soft tissue mass, with a signal intensity similar to skeletal muscle. The fact that the lesion may be bilateral, helps eliminate a sarcoma from further consideration.[6] At US, elastofibromas are depicted deep to the musculature as a multilayered pattern of hypoechoic linear areas of fat deposition intermixed with echogenic fibroelastic tissue.[7] The mass often protrudes from the subscapular region upon shoulder abduction, allowing better delineation of the finding.[8]

Pathology findings

In general, the tumor is an ill-defined, nonencapsulated, rubbery, and firm, white lesion with interspersed fat. The tumors can be quite large (up to 20 cm), although most are around 5 cm.[5]

A high power photomicrograph of an elastofibroma.

By microscopie view, there is an admixture of heavy dense bands of collagenous tissue dissected by fat and abnormal elastic fibers. The elastic fibers are often quite large and are easily identified. The elastic fibers are coarse, thick, and darkly eosinophilic, often fragmented into globules, creating a "string of pearls" or "pipe cleaner" appearance. Because of degeneration, the elastic fibers will appear as globules with a serrated or "prickled" edge.[5]

Histochemistry

An elastic stain photomicrograph at high power highlighting the elastic fibers in black.

The elastic fibers will be highlighted by a Weigert or von Gieson elastic stains.[9]

Differential diagnoses

Given the anatomic site, a spindle cell lipoma, nuchal-type fibroma and fibromatosis colli are all included in the differential diagnosis.[10]

Management

Simple excision is the treatment of choice, although given the large size, bleeding into the space can be a potential complication. Isolated recurrences may be seen, but there is no malignant potential.[4][5][11]

Epidemiology

This is a very rare phenomenon (< 0.001% of soft tissue tumors), usually presenting in elderly patients (>50 years of age), and more commonly in women than men (5:1). There is an increased frequency in Okinawa, Japan, but this may be a reporting bias. The tumor develops very specifically in the subscapular or infrascapular area, deep to the muscle, sometimes even attached to periosteum of ribs. It is usually between the shoulder blade and the lower neck, with rare tumors reported in the chest wall.[3][4][5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Soft tissue tumours: Elastofibroma". Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-92-832-4503-2.
  2. ↑ Sbaraglia M, Bellan E, Dei Tos AP (April 2021). "The 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours: news and perspectives". Pathologica. 113 (2): 70–84. doi:10.32074/1591-951X-213. PMC 8167394. PMID 33179614.
  3. 1 2 Chandrasekar, C. R.; Grimer, R. J.; Carter, S. R.; Tillman, R. M.; Abudu, A.; Davies, A. M.; Sumathi, V. P. (2008). "Elastofibroma Dorsi: An Uncommon Benign Pseudotumour". Sarcoma. 2008: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2008/756565. PMC 2276598. PMID 18382611.
  4. 1 2 3 Briccoli, A.; Casadei, R.; Di Renzo, M.; Favale, L.; Bacchini, P.; Bertoni, F. (2000). "Elastofibroma dorsi". Surgery Today. 30 (2): 147–152. doi:10.1007/pl00010063. PMID 10664338. S2CID 2906125.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mortman, K. D.; Hochheiser, G. M.; Giblin, E. M.; Manon-Matos, Y.; Frankel, K. M. (2007). "Elastofibroma Dorsi: Clinicopathologic Review of 6 Cases". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 83 (5): 1894–1897. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.11.050. PMID 17462431.
  6. ↑ Ochsner, J. E.; Sewall, S. A.; Brooks, G. N.; Agni, R. (2006). "Best Cases from the AFIP: Elastofibroma Dorsi". Radiographics. 26 (6): 1873–1876. doi:10.1148/rg.266055184. PMID 17102057.
  7. ↑ Ochsner JE, Sewall SA, Brooks GN, Agni R. Best cases from the AFIP: Elastofibroma dorsi. Radiographics 2006; 26: 1873-6.
  8. ↑ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free section on elastofibroma dorsi as a cause of snapping scapula available at ShoulderUS.com Archived 2020-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Nakamura, Y.; Ohta, Y.; Itoh, S.; Haratake, A.; Nakano, Y.; Umeda, A.; Shima, H.; Tomoda, N. (1992). "Elastofibroma dorsi. Cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies". Acta Cytologica. 36 (4): 559–562. PMID 1636353.
  10. ↑ Schafmayer, C.; Kahlke, V.; Leuschner, I.; Pai, M.; Tepel, J. (2006). "Elastofibroma Dorsi as Differential Diagnosis in Tumors of the Thoracic Wall". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 82 (4): 1501–1504. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.10.049. PMID 16996964.
  11. ↑ Parratt, M. T. R.; Donaldson, J. R.; Flanagan, A. M.; Saifuddin, A.; Pollock, R. C.; Skinner, J. A.; Cannon, S. R.; Briggs, T. W. R. (2010). "Elastofibroma dorsi: Management, outcome and review of the literature". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 92-B (2): 262–266. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B2.22927. PMID 20130320.

Further reading

Lester D. R. Thompson; Bruce M. Wenig (2011). Diagnostic Pathology: Head and Neck: Published by Amirsys. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 8:30–31. ISBN 978-1-931884-61-7.

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