Enteridium lycoperdon

Enteridium lycoperdon
A fairly round, whitish structure growing on woody debris
Reticularia lycoperdon growing on cypress duff
Scientific classification
(unranked):
Amoebozoa
Infraphylum:
Mycetozoa
Class:
Myxogastria
Order:
Liceales
Family:
Reticulariaceae
Genus:
Enteridium
Species:
E. lycoperdon
Binomial name
Enteridium lycoperdon
(Bull.) M.L. Farr, 1976
Synonyms

Fuligo lycoperdon (Bull.) Schumach
Lycogala punctata Pers.
Lycogala turbinata Pers.
Mucor lycogalus Bolton
Reticularia lycoperdon Bull.
Reticularia umbrina Fr.[1]
Strongylium fuliginoides (Pers.) Ditmar

Enteridium lycoperdon, the false puffball, is one of the more obvious species of slime mould or Myxogastria, typically seen in its reproductive phase as a white 'swelling' on standing dead trees in the spring, or on large pieces of fallen wood. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is a common host.[2]

Taxonomy

It was first described in 1791 by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard as Reticularia lycoperdon,[3][4] but was assigned to the genus, Enteridium, by Marie L. Farr in 1976.[3][5] The name Reticularia lycoperdon is accepted by the taxonomic databases: Ausfungi[6] Index Fungorum,[7] and IRMNG.[8]

Habitats and distribution

E. lycoperdon grows typically on dead alder branches, logs, and stumps in wet places beside rivers, streams and wetlands; it is also found growing on dead elm, beech, poplar, hawthorn, elder, hornbeam, damson,[9] hazel,[10] and pine trees[11] often after late frosts in spring and in the autumn.[1]

It is recorded throughout Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland,[12] Europe, and in Mexico.[1][13]

Feeding

The plasmodial phase feeds by phagocytosis upon bacteria, fungi, moulds, yeasts, inorganic particles and spores.[1] If conditions become too dry, the plasmodium changes into a sclerotium, a dry and dormant state, awaiting the return of wet conditions.

Structure and appearance

Life cycle

Sporangial phase with glutinous contents

The slime mould has two phases to its life cycle: an actively feeding plasmodial stage and a reproductive sporangial stage.[1]

The plasmodial phase is mobile and is multi-nucleate, formed by the fusion of single cells and typically amoeboid in its movements, through cytoplasmic streaming.

The sporangial or aethalial phase of this slime mould is spherical, elongate or globular, 50 to 80 mm, and is at first highly glutinous in appearance, resembling small slug eggs. Later a smooth white and silvery surface develops, which eventually splits to expose a brown spore mass beneath.[2] An aethalium is a term relating to slime moulds, referring to the relatively big, plump, pillow-shaped fruiting body, formed by the aggregation of plasmodia into a single functional body. The term comes from the Greek for thick smoke or soot; so named from the smokelike spores.[14]

Spores

The spores are brown, subglobose or ovoid, punctate (spotted), 5–7 µm in size and dispersed by wind and rain until only a few delicate threads of the sporangium remain, resembling soft foam padding.[2]

Insect associates

A slime mould fly, Epicypta testata, is known to lay its eggs within the spore mass and puparia can be seen with their tips protruding. The adult fly lays its eggs within the plasmodial phase, feeding upon it. The larval phase then hatches as worm-like larvae that pupate and then hatch, carrying and dispersing some of the spores which have stuck to them.[15]

Edibility

Though not generally considered edible, E. lycoperdon is not toxic.[1] In Veracruz, Mexico, the very young aethalia are collected, fried, and eaten.[16]

Folklore

E. lycoperdon is named "caca de luna" or "Moon's excrement" by the locals in the state of Veracruz in Mexico.[13]

See also

References

Notes
End phase aethalium, spores being released
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Site of a thousand mushrooms" (in French). Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  2. 1 2 3 Lairich Rig. "A slime mould - Enteridium lycoperdon". Geograph Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  3. 1 2 "Index Fungorum - Names Record: Enteridium lycoperdon". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ Bulliard, J.B.F. (1790), Herbier de la France 10: pl. 446, f. 4
  5. ↑ M.L. Farr (August 1976). "Reticularia Baumgarten (Lichens) versus Reticularia Bulliard (Myxomycetes)". Taxon. 25 (4): 514. doi:10.2307/1220541. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1220541. Wikidata Q28954358. (erratum)
  6. ↑ "Fungi: Reticularia lycoperdon". fungi.biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2022-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy: Reticularia lycoperdon". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ↑ "IRMNG - Reticularia lycoperdon Bull., 1790". www.irmng.org. Retrieved 2022-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ↑ "Slime moulds – Myxomycetes". Hainault Forest website. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  10. ↑ "Trees for Life - Slime Molds occurring on Dundreggan". Trees for Life – Restoring the Caledonian Forest. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  11. ↑ "Lists of Different Species Recorded on Fenn's Whixall and Bettisfield Mosses National Nature Reserve". myweb.tiscali.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  12. ↑ "National Biodiversity Network Database". NBN. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  13. 1 2 Ángel M. Nieves-Rivera. "About the So-Called 'UFO Rings' and Fungi". Sociedad de Escépticos de P.R. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  14. ↑ "Aethalium definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  15. ↑ Stephenson, Page 65
  16. ↑ Stephenson, Page 68
Sources
  • Stephenson, Steven L & Stempen, Henry (2000). Myxcomycetes. A Handbook of Slime Molds. Portland : Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-439-3.
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