Functional residual capacity
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. At FRC, the opposing elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles.
FRC is the sum of expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV) and measures approximately 2100 mL in a 70 kg, average-sized male (or approximately 30ml/kg). It cannot be estimated through spirometry, since it includes the residual volume. In order to measure RV precisely, one would need to perform a test such as nitrogen washout, helium dilution or body plethysmography.
A lowered or elevated FRC is often an indication of some form of respiratory disease. For instance, in emphysema, FRC is increased, because the lungs are more compliant and the equilibrium between the inward recoil of the lungs and outward recoil of the chest wall is disturbed. As such, patients with emphysema often have noticeably broader chests due to the relatively unopposed outward recoil of the chest wall. Total lung capacity also increases, largely as a result of increased functional residual capacity. In healthy humans, FRC changes with body posture. Obese patients will have a lower FRC in the supine position due to the added tissue weight opposing the outward recoil of the chest wall.
Positioning plays a significant role in altering FRC. It is highest when in an upright position and decreases as one moves from upright to supine/prone or Trendelenburg position. The greatest decrease in FRC occurs when going from 60° to totally supine at 0°. There is no significant change in FRC as position changes from 0° to Trendelenburg of up to −30°. However, beyond −30°, the drop in FRC is considerable.[1]
The helium dilution technique and pulmonary plethysmograph are two common ways of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs.
The predicted value of FRC was measured for large populations and published in several references.[2][3][4][5] FRC was found to vary by a patient's age, height, and sex. Functional residual capacity is directly proportional to height and indirectly proportional with obesity. It is reduced in the setting of obesity primarily due to a reduction in chest wall compliance.
References
- ↑ Barash, Clinical Anesthesia, 6th edition, pp. 247–248.
- ↑ R.O. Crapo, A.H. Morris, R.M. Gardner. "Reference Spirometric Values using Techniques and Equipment that meet ATS recommendations. American Review of Respiratory Disease, Volume 123, pp.659–664, 1981.
- ↑ P.H. Quanjer. "Lung Volumes and Forced Ventilatory Flows." Eur Respir J, Vol 6, Suppl 16, pp. 5–40, 1993.
- ↑ H. Hedenström, P. Malmberg, K. Agarwal. "Reference Values for Lung Function tests in Females." Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 21, pp. 551–557, 1985.
- ↑ A. Zapletal, T. Paul, M. Samanek. "Die Bedeutung heutiger Methoden der Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik zur Feststellung einer Obstruktion der Atemwege bei Kindern und Jugendlichen." Z. Erkrank. Atm.-Org., Volume 149, pp.343–371, 1977.