Gigantothermy

Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio.[1] A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly.[2]

The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna, such as large turtles, and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs. Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherms. It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeothermic.[3]

Disadvantages

Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency.[4] Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to use in thermoregulation. An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically. More time is dedicated to basking than eating.

Advantages

Large ectotherms displaying the same body size as large endotherms have the advantage of a slow metabolic rate, meaning that it takes reptiles longer to digest their food. Subsequently gigantothermic ectotherms would not have to eat as often as large endotherms that need to maintain a constant influx of food to meet energy demands. Although lions are much smaller than crocodiles, the lions must eat more often than crocodiles because of the higher metabolic output necessary to maintain the lion's heat and energy. The crocodile needs only to lie in the sun to digest more quickly and synthesize ATP.

See also

  • Allen's rule
  • Bergmann's rule
  • Bradyaerobic
  • Bradymetabolism
  • Physiology of dinosaurs
  • Tachyaerobic

References

  1. ↑ Missell, Christine Ann (2004). "Thermoregulatory adaptations of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis - evidence from oxygen isotopes (Thesis)". North Carolina State University. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Katie (2005). "Gigantothermy". Davidson College. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  3. ↑ "Big dinosaurs 'had warmer blood'". BBC News. 2006-07-11. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  4. ↑ Seymour, Roger S. (2013-07-05). "Maximal Aerobic and Anaerobic Power Generation in Large Crocodiles versus Mammals: Implications for Dinosaur Gigantothermy". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69361. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069361. PMC 3702618. PMID 23861968.
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