Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis

Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis is a form of chemosynthesis which uses hydrogen sulfide.[1] It is common in hydrothermal vent microbial communities[2][3] Due to the lack of light in these environments this is predominant over photosynthesis[4]

Giant tube worms use bacteria in their trophosome to fix carbon dioxide (using hydrogen sulfide as their energy source) and produce sugars and amino acids.[5] Some reactions produce sulfur:

hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis:[1]
18H2S + 6CO2 + 3O2 → C6H12O6 (carbohydrate) + 12H2O + 18S

In the above process, hydrogen sulfide serves as a source of electrons for the reaction.[6] Instead of releasing oxygen gas while fixing carbon dioxide as in photosynthesis, hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis produces solid globules of sulfur in the process.

Mechanism of Action

In deep sea environments, different organisms have been observed to have the ability to oxidize reduced compounds such as hydrogen sulfide.[7] Oxidation is the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.[8] Most chemosynthetic bacteria form symbiotic associations with other small eukaryotes[9] The electrons that are released from hydrogen sulfide will provide the energy to sustain a proton gradient across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. This movement of protons will eventually result in the production of adenosine triphosphate. The amount of energy derived from the process is also dependent on the type of final electron acceptor.[10]

Other Examples Of Chemosynthetic Organisms (using H2S as electron donor)

Across the world, researchers have observed different organisms in various locations capable of carrying out the process. Yang and colleagues in 2011 surveyed five Yellowstone thermal springs of varying depths and observed that the distribution of chemosynthetic microbes coincided with temperature as Sulfurihydrogenibiom was found at higher temperatures while Thiovirga inhabited cooler waters[11] Miyazaki et.al., in 2020 also found an endosymbiont capable of hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis which contained campylobacter species and a gastropod from the genus Alviniconcha oxidise hydogen sulfide in the Indian Ocean[12] Furthermore, chemosynthetic bacteria such as purple sulfur bacteria have yellow globules of sulfur visible in their cytoplasm.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 "Chemolithotrophy | Boundless Microbiology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  2. ↑ Bernardino, Angelo F.; Levin, Lisa A.; Thurber, Andrew R.; Smith, Craig R. (2012). "Comparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e33515. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733515B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033515. PMC 3319539. PMID 22496753.
  3. ↑ "Hydrothermal Vents". Marine Society of Australia. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Kádár E, Costa V, Santos RS, Powell JJ (July 2006). "Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaete) from geochemically distinct vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge". Journal of Sea Research. 56 (1): 45–52. Bibcode:2006JSR....56...45K. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2006.01.002.
  5. ↑ Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery. Springer. 2013. p. 179. ISBN 978-81-322-0876-1.
  6. ↑ Kalenitchenko, Dimitri; Le Bris, Nadine; Dadaglio, Laetitia; Peru, Erwan; Besserer, Arnaud; Galand, Pierre E. (February 2018). "Bacteria alone establish the chemical basis of the wood-fall chemosynthetic ecosystem in the deep-sea". The ISME Journal. 12 (2): 367–379. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.163. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 5776450. PMID 28984846.
  7. ↑ Breusing, Corinna; Mitchell, Jessica; Delaney, Jennifer; Sylva, Sean P.; Seewald, Jeffrey S.; Girguis, Peter R.; Beinart, Roxanne A. (October 2020). "Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails". The ISME Journal. 14 (10): 2568–2579. doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0707-2. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 7490688. PMID 32616905.
  8. ↑ Silverstein, Todd P. (2011-03-01). "Oxidation and Reduction: Too Many Definitions?". Journal of Chemical Education. 88 (3): 279–281. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88..279S. doi:10.1021/ed100777q. ISSN 0021-9584.
  9. ↑ Sogin, E. Maggie; Leisch, Nikolaus; Dubilier, Nicole (2020-10-05). "Chemosynthetic symbioses". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1137–R1142. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.050. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33022256. S2CID 222137874.
  10. ↑ Teske, A. (2009-01-01), "Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents", in Schaechter, Moselio (ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 80–90, ISBN 978-0-12-373944-5, retrieved 2023-04-12
  11. ↑ Yang, Tingting; Lyons, Shawn; Aguilar, Carmen; Cuhel, Russell; Teske, Andreas (2011). "Microbial communities and chemosynthesis in yellowstone lake sublacustrine hydrothermal vent waters". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2: 130. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00130. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3116135. PMID 21716640.
  12. ↑ Miyazaki, Junichi; Ikuta, Tetsuro; Watsuji, Tomo-O.; Abe, Mariko; Yamamoto, Masahiro; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takai, Ken (May 2020). "Dual energy metabolism of the Campylobacterota endosymbiont in the chemosynthetic snail Alviniconcha marisindica". The ISME Journal. 14 (5): 1273–1289. doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0605-7. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 7174374. PMID 32051527.
  13. ↑ The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria. Hunter, C. Neil. Dordrecht: Springer. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4020-8814-8. OCLC 304494953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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