Airway clearance therapy

Airway clearance therapy

Airway clearance therapy is treatment that uses a number of airway clearance techniques to clear the respiratory airways of mucus and other secretions.[1] Several respiratory diseases cause the normal mucociliary clearance mechanism to become impaired resulting in a build-up of mucus which obstructs breathing, and also affects the cough reflex. Mucus build-up can also cause infection, and inflammation, and repeated infections can result in damage to the airways, and the lung tissue.[1][2]

All airway clearance therapy involves the techniques of coughing, or huffing that need to be used in conjunction with another airway clearance technique.[3] Respiratory therapists make recommendations and give guidance for appropriate airway clearance therapies. They also give instruction in the use of various airway clearance techniques.

Clearance techniques

Airway clearance therapy uses different airway clearance techniques (ACTs) in a number of respiratory disorders including, cystic fibrosis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to maintain respiratory health, and prevent the damaging consequences of inflammation.[4][1][2] Techniques used are breathing, manual, and mechanical.[5] They all need to be used with either coughing or huffing which moves mucus from the large airways.[3] To move mucus from the small airways an additional ACT needs to be employed.

Breathing

Breathing techniques include the active cycle of breathing which includes huffing; and autogenic drainage, a technique that requires concentrated effort.[1]

Huffing

Huffing or a huff cough, is also called forced expiration technique, and helps to move mucus away from the lung wall so that it can finally be coughed out. Huffing needs to be carried out in a sitting position with the chin raised a little, and the mouth remaining open. A deep breath is taken to fill the lungs about 75 per cent, and held for two or three seconds. Breathing out is forceful and slow which helps to move the mucus from the smaller to the larger airways. A normal urge to cough at this point is repressed, and the breathing pattern is repeated a few times. A strong cough then follows to expel the mucus.[3] Huffing forms part of the active cycle of breathing. Huffing as a clearance technique is different to the term of huffing used in substance inhalation.

Active cycle of breathing

The active cycle of breathing technique is carried out in three phases. Phase one is used to relax the airways; phase two involves moving the inhaled air to behind the mucus in order to clear it; phase three helps to clear the mucus out from the lungs.[6]

Phase one

Gentle effortless breathing, in through the nose, and out through the mouth is used in phase one to relax the airways. The shoulders and upper chest are kept relaxed. On breathing out, the pursed lips method is advised. Keeping the lips pursed (as in kissing somebody) when exhaling creates a back pressure that keeps the airways open for longer. One recommendation is for six breaths of control to take place before phase two of the cycle.[6]

Phase two

Phase two involves using exercises to expand the chest. Breathing is deep and may use a breath-hold of three seconds to move the air into the smaller airways, and reach behind the mucus. The out breath is unforced and may include some percussive clapping, or vibration.[6]

Phase three

Using huffing coughing, mucus is moved from the smaller airways to the larger airways, and huffing needs to be continued until all the mucus is expelled.[6]

Autogenic drainage

Autogenic drainage is a very controlled airway clearance technique using different depths of inhalation, and different speeds of exhalation that enables mucus to be moved up the airway producing a voluntary cough. This method needs training, attention, and effort.[2]

Manual

Chest physiotherapy is a manual airway clearance therapy that uses chest percussion (clapping, and vibration), and postural drainage.[1][7][8] However, they are labour-intensive, and time-consuming, and mechanical devices are often used instead.[5]

Mechanical

An intrapulmonary percussive ventilator machine

Mechanical devices used include positive expiratory pressure (PEP), intrapulmonary percussive ventilators, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation known as a mechanically assisted cough,[1][9] and airway oscillatory devices.[10] Several mechanical techniques are used to dislodge mucus and encourage its expectoration. Chest percussion can be administered as a manual technique but can also be performed using specific devices that use chest wall oscillation or intrapulmonary percussive ventilation. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilators (IPVs) are machines which deliver short bursts of air through a mouthpiece to help to clear mucus. The air is delivered at a rate of approximately 150 pulses per minute and may be used with nebulized medication. Chest wall oscillation is a passive system that is not dependent on effort from the user. It involves the use of a special vest that employs the use of a compressor to inflate and deflate the vest rhythmically at timed intervals, and thus imposes high frequency chest wall oscillations that are transferred to the lungs. These oscillations thin airway mucus, and facilitate its removal by coughing. Delivery of air to the vest can be controlled manually.

Other methods such as biphasic cuirass ventilation, and associated clearance mode available in such devices, integrate a cough assistance phase, as well as a vibration phase for dislodging secretions. These are portable and adapted for home use.[11]

Positive expiratory pressure physiotherapy consists of providing a back pressure to the airways during expiration. This effect is provided by devices that consist of a mask or a mouthpiece in which a resistance is applied only on the expiration phase.[12] Operating principles of this technique seems to be the increase of gas pressure behind mucus through collateral ventilation along with a temporary increase in functional residual capacity preventing the early collapse of small airways during exhalation.[13][14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Volsko, TA (October 2013). "Airway clearance therapy: finding the evidence". Respiratory Care. 58 (10): 1669–78. doi:10.4187/respcare.02590. PMID 24064626. S2CID 29199062.
  2. 1 2 3 McCormack, P; Burnham, P; Southern, KW (6 October 2017). "Autogenic drainage for airway clearance in cystic fibrosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (10): CD009595. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009595.pub2. PMC 6485652. PMID 28984368.
  3. 1 2 3 Bethesda, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation 4550 Montgomery Ave Suite 1100 N. "Coughing and Huffing". www.cff.org. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  4. ↑ O'Sullivan, BP; Freedman, SD (30 May 2009). "Cystic fibrosis". Lancet. 373 (9678): 1891–904. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60327-5. PMID 19403164. S2CID 46011502.
  5. 1 2 Hristara-Papadopoulou, A; Tsanakas, J; Diomou, G; Papadopoulou, O (2008). "Current devices of respiratory physiotherapy". Hippokratia. 12 (4): 211–20. PMC 2580042. PMID 19158964.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Bethesda, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation 4550 Montgomery Ave Suite 1100 N. "Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT)". www.cff.org. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  7. ↑ Bethesda, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation 4550 Montgomery Ave Suite 1100 N. "Airway Clearance". www.cff.org. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  8. ↑ Bethesda, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation 4550 Montgomery Ave Suite 1100 N. "Chest Physical Therapy". www.cff.org.
  9. ↑ Homnick, DN (October 2007). "Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation for airway mucus clearance". Respiratory Care. 52 (10): 1296–305, discussion 1306–7. PMID 17894900.
  10. ↑ McKoy, NA; Saldanha, IJ; Odelola, OA; Robinson, KA (12 December 2012). Robinson, Karen A (ed.). "Active cycle of breathing technique for cystic fibrosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD007862. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007862.pub3. PMID 23235649.
  11. ↑ Warnock L, Gates A (December 2015). "Chest physiotherapy compared to no chest physiotherapy for cystic fibrosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD001401. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001401.pub3. PMC 6768986. PMID 26688006.
  12. ↑ McIlwaine M, Button B, Nevitt SJ (November 2019). "Positive expiratory pressure physiotherapy for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003147.pub5. PMC 6953327. PMID 31774149.
  13. ↑ Andersen JB, Qvist J, Kann T (October 1979). "Recruiting collapsed lung through collateral channels with positive end-expiratory pressure". Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 60 (5): 260–6. PMID 392747.
  14. ↑ Groth S, Stafanger G, Dirksen H, Andersen JB, Falk M, Kelstrup M (July 1985). "Positive expiratory pressure (PEP-mask) physiotherapy improves ventilation and reduces volume of trapped gas in cystic fibrosis". Bulletin Européen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire. 21 (4): 339–43. PMID 3899222.
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