List of anthrax outbreaks

This page lists notable outbreaks of anthrax, a disease of humans and other mammals caused by Bacillus anthracis, organized by year.[1]

Incidents

Incident Date Casualties Description
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak 2 September 1979 Around 105 victims. On 2 April 1979 outbreak of anthrax infection happened in Sverdlovsk, USSR. According to one version the anthrax spores were accidentally released from the Cold-war-era secret military facility causing anthrax outbreak. An official report stated 64 people died during April and June.


Overall victims died within first weeks after exposure to deadly bacteria and 11 others survived.[2][3][4] Allegedly traces of the leak were covered up by KGB by local and by the Soviet authorities. The Soviet Union strongly denied any involvement and blamed locals of consuming infected meat in fear of revelation of Biological Weapons Convention violation[5] meanwhile spreading among locals leaflets vial mailboxes, posts, and articles warning to restrain from buying meat from the unofficial market.[2][4] The incident was kept secret up until the 90s.[2]


Primary the form of anthrax infection was pulmonary anthrax but earlier soviet scientists disguised it as gastrointestinal to conform to "meat" version. Some journalists claimed that the death toll was as high as 100 victims.

2001 anthrax attacks 18 September 2001 5 deaths

17 infected

 In September 2001, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news media offices and two U.S. Senators, killing five people and infecting 17 others. Of those infected, 11 developed cutaneous anthrax, while 11 developed inhalation anthrax. 20 of the 22 infected worked at a site where contaminated mail was handled or received.[6]

It is possible that Bruce Edwards Ivins was responsible for this incident. He was a doctor working on an anthrax vaccination for more than 20 years, which got pulled off the market. Federal investigators have suggested that he infected the mail with anthrax spores so the public would realize they need the anthrax vaccination.[7] He later killed himself with a tylenol overdose before charges could be brought against him.

2014 anthrax outbreak October 2014 7 deaths In October 2014, an outbreak of gastrointestinal and skin anthrax in a village from India in the Simdega district, Jharkhand allegedly killed seven people. Indian government health personnel quarantined 30 houses as a result. Officials traced the anthrax spores to a cow and found that people who had touched the dead cow or eaten from it became infected. The Indian National Centre for Disease Control said at the time that the outbreak was one of the biggest in recent years in terms of deaths.[8]


Government officials sent samples of the suspected anthrax to a laboratory in Delhi for confirmation testing. People with the victims reported that the victims vomited blood and complained of chest and stomach aches.[9] The Hindustan Times reported that village residents lynched a man who had treated some anthrax patients with herbs.[10]

2016 anthrax outbreak July 2016 1 human death (~100 infected)


2,300 animal deaths

 In July 2016, nearly 100 people have been hospitalized amid an anthrax outbreak from nomadic communities in northern Siberia, Russia and more than 2,300 reindeer died from anthrax infections in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. A 12-year-old child also died due to the outbreak.[11] Scientists believe the melting unearthed the frozen carcass of a reindeer that died in the previous anthrax outbreak in 1968.[12]
2018 anthrax outbreak June 2018 cattle farms affected in France [13]

References

  1. ↑ "Emergencies, preparedness, response: Anthrax". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 23 February 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 ""Пора нашим властям и военным назад оборачиваться"". Новая газета - Novayagazeta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  3. ↑ Meselson, Matthew; Guillemin, J; Hugh-Jones, Martin; Langmuir, A; Popova, I; Shelokov, A; Yampolskaya, O (1 December 1994). "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979". Science. 266 (5188): 1202–8. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. PMID 7973702.
  4. 1 2 "PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE". www.ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  5. ↑ "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979". www.ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  6. ↑ Jernigan DB; Raghunathan PL; Bell BP; Brechnert R; Bresnitz EA; Butler JC; Cetron M; et al. (October 2002). "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiological Findings". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (10): 1019–1028. doi:10.3201/eid0810.020353. PMC 2730292. PMID 12396909.
  7. ↑ Lipton, Eric (8 August 2008). "Doubts Persist Among Anthrax Suspect's Colleagues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  8. ↑ Daw, Daniel (30 October 2014). "Anthrax outbreak causes quarantine of Indian village". BioPrepWatch. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Anthrax scare in Jharkhand's Simdega". The Times of India. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  10. ↑ Herriman, Robert (31 October 2014). "India: Anthrax outbreak prompts quarantine of Simdega district village". Outbreak News Today. Tampa, Florida: The Global Dispatch, Inc. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle". The Guardian. August 2016.
  12. ↑ "1,500 reindeer dead, 40 humans hospitalized amid anthrax outbreak in Siberia". VICE News.
  13. ↑ "Worst Anthrax Outbreak in Decades Strikes Farms in France". 20 August 2018.
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