List of famines

This is a list of famines that dates from 2100 BCE to the present, by definition "famines are sustained, extreme shortages of food among discrete populations sufficient to cause high rates of mortality."[1]

Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1849

List

Date Event Location Death toll (where known; estimated)
2200–2100 BCEThe 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwideglobal
441 BCEThe first famine recorded in ancient Rome.Ancient Rome[2]
26 BCEFamine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by JosephusJudea20,000+
103-89 BCE Beminitiya Seya, was a period of over a decade in which ancient Sri Lanka's irrigation systems failed as a result of invasion, corruption and neglect[3] Sri Lanka
370 CEFamine in PhrygiaPhrygia
372–373Famine in EdessaEdessa
400–800Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.Western Europe
470FamineGaul
535–536Volcanic winter of 536Global
585FamineGaul
639Famine in Arabia during the Caliphate of Umar[4]Arabia
750sIslamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[5]
779FamineFrancia
792–793FamineFrancia
800–1000Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization[6]Mayan areas of Mesoamerica1,000,000+
805–806FamineFrancia
875–884Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[7][8] Huang Chao captured capitalChina
927–928Caused by four months of frost[9][10]Byzantine Empire
963–969FamineEgypt
1005–1006Europe[11]
1016Famine throughout Europe[12]Europe
1025FamineEgypt
1051Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[13]Mexico (present day)
1055–1056FamineEgypt
1064–1072Seven years' famine in Egypt [14][15]Egypt40,000[14]
1069–1070Harrying of the NorthEngland100,000
1097Famine and plague [16]France100,000
1124–1126FamineEurope
1143–1147FamineEurope
1150–1151FamineEurope
1161–1162FamineAquitaine
1181Yōwa famineJapan42,300
1196–1197FamineEurope
1199–1202FamineEgypt100,000
1224–1226FamineEurope
1230Famine in the Novgorod RepublicRussia
1230–1231The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[17] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[18]Japan2,000,000
1235Famine in England[19]England20,000 in London
1256–1258Famine in Italy, Spain, Portugal and England[20]Europe
1264FamineEgypt
1275–1277Famine[21]Italy
1275–1299Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[22]United States (present day)
1285–1286Famine[21]Italy
1294FamineEgypt
1302–1303Famine in Spain and Italy[21]Europe
1304FamineFrance
1305FamineFrance
1310FamineFrance
1315–1317Great Famine of 1315–1317Europe[23]7,500,000
1321FamineEngland
1328–1330Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[21]Europe
1330–1333FamineFrance
1333–1337Chinese famine of 1333–1337China[24]6,000,000
1339–1340Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[21]Europe
1344–1345Famine in India, under the regime of Muhammad bin TughluqIndia
1346–1347Famine in France, Italy and Spain[21]Europe
1349–1351FamineFrance
1351FamineEngland
1358–1360FamineFrance
1369FamineEngland
1371FamineFrance
1374–1375Famine in France, Italy and Spain[21]Europe
1374–1375FamineEgypt
1387After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor, severe famine ensuedAnatolia
1390–1391FamineFrance
1394–1396FamineEgypt
1396–1407The Durga Devi famineIndia[25][12]
1403–1404FamineEgypt
1432–1434The Hungry YearsCzech Republic (present-day)
1437–1438Famine in France, Holy Roman Empire, and BritainEurope
1441Famine in MayapanMexico[26]
1450–1454Famine in the Aztec Empire,[27] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[28]Mexico (present day)
1460–1461Kanshō famine in JapanJapan82,000
1472–1474Famine[29]Italy
1476Famine[29]Italy
1482–1484Famine[29]Italy
1493Famine[29]Italy
1502–1505Famine[29]Italy
1504Spain[30]
1518VeniceItaly (present day)
1521–1523Famine in the Low Countries, Ireland and the Nordic CountriesEurope
1527–1530Famine[29]Italy
1528Famine in LanguedocFrance[31]
1533–1534Famine[29]Italy
1535Famine in EthiopiaEthiopia
1539–1540Famine[29]Italy
1540Tenbun famineJapan
1544–1545Famine[29]Italy
1550–1552Famine[29]Italy
1558–1560Famine[29]Italy
1567–1570Famine in Harar, combined with plague. Emir of Harar died.Ethiopia
1569–1574Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east of Ukraine[29]Europe
1585–1587Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland[29]Europe
1590–1598Pan-European famine, including Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Britain and the Nordic countries[29]Europe
1600–1601Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy[32]Italy
1601–1603One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[33][34] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population.Russia2,000,000
1607–1608Famine[29]Italy
1618–1648Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' WarEurope
1618–1622Famine[29]Italy
1619Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[35]Japan
1628–1632Famine[29]Italy
1630–1632Deccan famine of 1630–1632India7,400,000
1630–1631Famine in north-west ChinaChina
1640–1643Kan'ei Great FamineJapan50,000-100,000
1648–1649Famine[29]Italy
1648–1660Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plaguePoland
1649Famine in northern England [36]England
1650–1652Famine in the east of France [37]France
1651–1653Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[38]Ireland
1661Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[39][12]India
1670s – 1680sPlague and famines in SpainSpain
1670–1671Kyungshin FamineKorea1,000,000 - 1,500,000
1672Famine in southern Italy[32]Italy
1678–1679Famine[29]Italy
1680Famine in Sardinia[40]Italy (present day)80,000[41]
1680sFamine in Sahel[37]West Africa
1690sFamine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population [42]Scotland60,000–180,000
1693–1694Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the Great Famine of 1693-1694France1,300,000[43][44]
1693–1695Famine[29]Italy
1695–1697Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead)The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time150,000–175,000
1696–1697Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[45]Finland, then part of Sweden proper150,000
1702–1704Famine in Deccan[46]India2,000,000[46]
1708–1711Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[47] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000 – 250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[48] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708-1712 also affected East Prussia.East Prussia250,000
1709Famine[29]Italy
1709–1710The fr:Grande famine de 1709France[49]600,000
1716Famine[29]Italy
1722Arabia[50]
1724Famine[29]Italy
1727–1728Famine in the English Midlands[51]England
1732–1733Kyōhō famineJapan12,172–169,000[52]
1738–1756Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[53]West Africa
1740–1741Irish Famine (1740–1741)Ireland300,000–480,000
1750–1756Famine in the Senegambia region [54]Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1764Famine in Naples[55][29]Italy (present day)
1767Famine[29]Italy
1769–1773Great Bengal famine of 1770,[12] 10 million dead (one third of population)India, Bangladesh (present day)10,000,000
1770–1771Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands peopleCzech Republic (present day)100,000+
1771–1772Famine in Saxony and southern GermanyGermany
1773Famine in Sweden[56]Sweden
1779Famine in RabatMorocco[57]
1780sGreat Tenmei famineJapan20,000 – 920,000
1783Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[58]Iceland
1783–1784Chalisa famineIndia11,000,000[59]
1784Widespread famine throughout Egypt[60]Egypt
1784–1785Famine in TunisiaTunisia
1788The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[61] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[62][63]France
1789Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north"Ethiopia
1789–1793Doji bara famine or Skull famineIndia11,000,000
1801Famine[29]Italy
1804–1872, 1913A series of 14 famines in Austrian GaliciaPoland, Ukraine (present day)400,000-550,000
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849Four famines in ChinaChina45,000,000[64]
1811–1812Famine devastated Madrid[65]Spain20,000[66]
1815Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famineIndonesia10,000
1816–1817Year Without a SummerEurope65,000
1830–1833Claimed to have killed 42% of the populationCape Verde30,000[67]
1832–1833Guntur famine of 1832India150,000
1833–1837Tenpō famineJapan
1837–1838Agra famine of 1837–1838India800,000
1845–1857Highland Potato FamineScotland
1845–1849Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people. Between 1.5–2 million people forced to emigrate[68]Ireland1,000,000+
1846Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of PortugalPortugal
1846-1848 The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Irish Potato Famine. Newfoundland, present-day Canada
1849–1850Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought.Indonesia83,000[69]
1850–1873As a result of the Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China dropped by more than 60 million[70]China60,000,000
1860–1861Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861India2,000,000
1863–1867Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde30,000[71]
1866Orissa famine of 1866India1,000,000[72]
1866–1868Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population diedFinland150,000+
1866–1868Famine in French AlgeriaFrench Algeria820,000
1867–1869Swedish famine of 1867–1869.Sweden
1869Rajputana famine of 1869India1,500,000[72]
1870–1872Persian famine of 1870–1872Iran200,000-3,000,000 Estimates vary [73]
1873–1874Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[74][75]Turkey (present day)
1873–1874Bihar famine of 1873–1874India
1876–1879Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 9–13 million people.[76] 5.5 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in India. 500,000 died in Brazil. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[77][78] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[79] In Brazil, Grande Seca killed probably more than 400.000 people.India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries).15,000,000–19,000,000 in Northern China, India and Brazil.
1878–1880St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska[80]United States1,000
18791879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality.Ireland
1888–1889Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern BiharIndia150,000
1888–1892Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[81][82] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90).Ethiopia1,000,000
1891–1892Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea.Russia375,000–500,000[83][84]
1895–1898Famine during the Cuban War of IndependenceCuba200,000–300,000
1896–1897Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer RebellionChina
1896–1902Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[78][85][86]India2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1900–1903Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde11,000–20,000[71]
1904–1906Famine in Spain[87][88][89]Spain
1907, 1911Famines in east-central ChinaChina20,000,000-25,000,000[90]
1914–1918Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[91]Lebanon200,000
1914–1919Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.[92]Germany763,000
1917Famine in German East AfricaGerman East Africa300,000
1917–1919Persian famine of 1917–1919Iran2,000,000,[93] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000[94]
1918–1919Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)
1919–1922Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the populationTurkestan[95]
1920–1921Famine in northern ChinaChina500,000
1920–1922Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde24,000–25,000[71]
1921Russian famine of 1921–1922Russia5,000,000[96]
1921–19221921–1922 famine in TatarstanRussia500,000–2,000,000[97]
1921–19231921–1923 famine in UkraineUkraine250,000–1,000,000[98]
1924–1925Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[99]Russia
1924–1925Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rainIrish Free State
1928–1929Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–1930Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in million of deathsChina3,000,000-10,000,000
1930–1931FamineMadagascar32,000
1932–1933Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period,[100] and bad harvests in the years of 1931-1932.[101]Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR5,000,000[101]-7,000,000[102]
1936Famine in ChinaChina5,000,000[103]
1940–1943Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde20,000[71]
1940–1945Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[104]Occupied Poland
1940–1948Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[105]Morocco200,000
1941–1944Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[106] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[107]Soviet Union800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[108][109]Greece300,000
1941–1942Famine in Kharkiv (Kharkov). In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[110] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[111] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkov during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[112]Soviet Union11,918–80,000
1941-1943Famine in Kyiv (Kiev). On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kiev officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[113]Soviet Union
1942–1943Chinese famine of 1942–1943Henan, China2,000,000–3,000,000
1942–1943Iranian famine of 1942–1943Iran3,000,000[114]
1943Bengal famine of 1943Bengal, India, Bangladesh2,100,000
1943–1944Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)36,000–50,000
1943–1945Famine in HadhramautYemen (present day)10,000[115][116]
1944–1945Java under Japanese occupationJava, Indonesia2,400,000[117]
1944Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War IINetherlands20,000
1945Vietnamese famine of 1945Vietnam600,000–2,000,000[118]
1945-1947Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad)Soviet Union57,000–76,500[119]
1946-1947German "Hungerwinter"Germany>100,000[120]
1946–1947Soviet famine of 1946–1947Soviet Union1,000,000–1,500,000[121][122]
1946–1948Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde30,000[71]
1949Nyasaland famine of 1949Malawi200
19501950 Canadian caribou famineCanada60
1958Famine in TigrayEthiopia100,000
1959–1961The Great Chinese Famine[123][124][125] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962.China (mainland)15,000,000–55,000,000[124][126][127]
1966–1967Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice tradeIndonesia50,000[128]
1967–1970Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockadeNigeria2,000,000
1968–1972Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[129]Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso1,000,000
1971–1973 Afghanistan drought Afghanistan 1,000
1972–1973Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg ruleEthiopia60,000[130]
1973 Darfur drought Darfur, Sudan 1,000
1974Bangladesh famine of 1974Bangladesh27,000-1,500,000
1975–1979Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famineCambodia500,000[131]
1980–1981Caused by drought and conflict[130]Uganda30,000[130]
1982–1985Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil WarMozambique100,000
1983–19851983–1985 famine in EthiopiaEthiopia400,000–600,000[132]
1984–1985Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil WarSudan240,000
1988Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil WarSudan100,000
1990-2003Famine caused by sanctionsIraq500,000
1991–1992Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[130]Somalia300,000[130]
1992–1997Cuban "Special Period" caused by the Fall of Communism in Eastern EuropeCuba
19931993 Sudan famineSudan
1994–1998North Korean famine.[133][134] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[135]North Korea200,000–3,500,000
19981998 Sudan famine caused by war and droughtSudan70,000[130]
1998 1998 Afghanistan famine Afghanistan 1,000
1998–2000Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian WarEthiopia
1998–2004Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and diseaseDemocratic Republic of the Congo2,700,000
2003–2005Famine during the War in DarfurSudan200,000
2005–20062005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa Niger and West Africa
2011–2012Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[136]Somalia285,000
2012Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[137]Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2016–presentFamine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi ArabiaYemen85,000 children[138] Unknown number of adults.
2017Famine in South Sudan[139] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in NigeriaSouth Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.
2020–present Famine in the Tigray War Tigray, Ethiopia
2021–present 2021–2022 Madagascar famine Madagascar

Global famines history

See also

Main article lists

  • Bengal famine
  • Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
  • Famine in India
  • Famines in the Czech lands
  • Famines in Ethiopia
  • Great Bengal famine of 1770
  • Great Famine of 1876–1878
  • Great Chinese Famine
  • Holodomor
  • Khmer Rouge
  • List of famines in China
  • North Korean famine
  • Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
  • 2007–2008 world food price crisis
  • 2010–2012 world food price crisis
  • 2022–2023 food crises
  • Disaster
  • Famine Early Warning Systems Network
  • Famine events
  • Famine relief
  • Famine scales
  • Food security
  • Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic
  • List of natural disasters by death toll
  • List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
  • Live Aid
  • Medieval demography
  • Population decline
  • Potato famine
  • Starvation
  • Theories of famines
  • World population

References

  1. ↑ Scrimshaw, N. S. (1987). "The phenomenon of famine". Annual Review of Nutrition. 7: 1–21. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.07.070187.000245. ISSN 0199-9885. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Livy, From the Founding of the City 4.12
  3. ↑ Shaw, Rajib; Nguyen, Huy (2011). Droughts in Asian Monsoon Region. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 9780857248640.
  4. ↑ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382573470. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  5. ↑ Thomas F. Glick. "Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages". Libro.uca.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  6. ↑ Gill, Richardson Benedict (2001-04-01). The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. ISBN 978-0826327741.
  7. ↑ Embree, A. Encyclopedia of Asian history – Volume 2 p. 82: "rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province … caused by famine conditions, oppressive taxation,
  8. ↑ Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"
  9. ↑ Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stanford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
  10. ↑ Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1985). Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. University of California Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-05129-4.
  11. ↑ Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  12. 1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Famine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
  13. ↑ Archived May 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  14. 1 2 Davis, L. "Natural Disasters". p. 120
  15. ↑ The Encyclopædia Britannica – Volume 9. p. 64
  16. ↑ "FAEC - FEARFUL FAMINES OF THE PAST". www.mitosyfraudes.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-15. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  17. ↑ Farris, William Wayne (2009). Japan to 1600: a social and economic history. University of Hawaii Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8248-3379-4. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  18. ↑ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 17
  19. ↑ Walford, Cornelius (1878). "The Famines of the World". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 41: 433.
  20. ↑ "Portugal > History and Events". Portugal-info.net. 2007-04-18. Archived from the original on 2005-10-22. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alfani, Mocarelli & Strangio 2016, p. 11.
  22. ↑ "Collapse: Chaco Canyon". Learner.org. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  23. ↑ "The Great Famine and the Black Death". Vlib.us. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  24. ↑ "Projects and Events: 14th Century". Norfolkesinet.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  25. ↑ Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ "Welcome to The Human Past". Thamesandhudsonusa.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  27. ↑ Trigger, Bruce G. (2003), Understanding early civilizations: a comparative study, Cambridge University Press, p. 387, ISBN 978-0-521-82245-9, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  28. ↑ Davíd Carrasco (1998), Daily life of the Aztecs: people of the sun and earth, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 199, ISBN 978-0-313-29558-4, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Alfani, Mocarelli & Strangio 2016, p. 4.
  30. ↑ David Vassberg. "Land and Society in Golden Age Castile". Libro.uca.edu. Archived from the original on 2002-04-18. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  31. ↑ "The Dimension of Famine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  32. 1 2 Alfani, Mocarelli & Strangio 2016, p. 6.
  33. ↑ "Boris Feodorovich Godunov". Answers.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  34. ↑ "Russia before Peter the Great". Fsmitha.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  35. ↑ "A Chronology of Japanese History". Shikokuhenrotrail.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  36. ↑ Rotberg, Robert I.; Rabb, Theodore K. (July 14, 2014). Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400854103. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via Google Books.
  37. 1 2 Ang, A. Overpopulated Philippines. p. 67
  38. ↑ "BBC – Northern Ireland – A Short History". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  39. ↑ "The 17th Century". Ayton.id.au. Archived from the original on 2005-05-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  40. ↑ "Italian States in the Seventeenth Century". History.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2003-09-21. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  41. ↑ Dyson, Stephen L; Rowland, Robert J (2007). Archaeology and history in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages: shepherds, sailors & conquerors. Philadelphia: UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2007. p. 136. ISBN 1-934536-02-4.
  42. ↑ Cullen, K. "Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s"
  43. ↑ Appleby, Andrew B. (1980), "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10 (4): 643–63, doi:10.2307/203063, JSTOR 203063
  44. ↑ Ó Gráda, Cormac; Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002), "Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France", The Journal of Economic History, 62 (3): 706–33, doi:10.1017/S0022050702001055, hdl:10197/368, PMID 17494233, S2CID 8036361
  45. ↑ "Finland timeline". Worldatlas.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  46. 1 2 Sharma, S. Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History "1702–1704 famine in Deccan killed two million people..." p. 246
  47. ↑ "The Dimension of Famine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  48. ↑ Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 99.
  49. ↑ "The Little Ice Age in Europe". sunysuffolk.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  50. ↑ Abdulla, Muhammad A. H. (1995-09-01). "Climatic fluctuation and natural disasters in Arabia between mid-17th and early 20th Centuries". GeoJournal. 37: 176–180. doi:10.1007/BF00814902. S2CID 153628431.
  51. ↑ Appleby, Andrew B. (1 January 1980). "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 10 (4): 643–63. doi:10.2307/203063. JSTOR 203063.
  52. ↑ "享保の大飢饉 江戸時代中期に起こった飢饉で、江戸四大飢饉（寛永・享保・天明・天保）の一つ。".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  54. ↑ Searing, James F. (2003), West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860, Cambridge University Press, p. 132, ISBN 978-0-521-53452-9
  55. ↑ "Naples and Sicily". Britannica.com. 2014-06-16. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  56. ↑ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (May 9, 2013). "World Population Growth". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2023 – via ourworldindata.org.
  57. ↑ "The locust plague". Ub.es. Archived from the original on 2001-04-14. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  58. ↑ "Haze Famine (Icelandic history)". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  59. ↑ Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1–2): 80, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, hdl:1885/51009, S2CID 162783898
  60. ↑ "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  61. ↑ Grove, Richard H. (1998), "Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño", Nature, 393 (6683): 318–19, Bibcode:1998Natur.393..318G, doi:10.1038/30636, S2CID 205000683
  62. ↑ Wood, C.A. (1992), "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption", in Harrington, C.R. (ed.), The Year Without a Summer?, Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, pp. 58–77
  63. ↑ Neumann, J. (1977), "Great Historical Events that were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 2, The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58 (2): 163–68, Bibcode:1977BAMS...58..163N, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0163:GHETWS>2.0.CO;2, ISSN 1520-0477
  64. ↑ "Fearfull Famines of the Past". Mitosyfraudes.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-15. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  65. ↑ Carr, Raymond (2001), Spain: a history, Oxford University Press, p. 203, ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  66. ↑ Reader, John (2005), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-87113-898-9, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  67. ↑ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 22.
  68. ↑ "The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849". Ego4u.com. 2010-12-10. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  69. ↑ Elson, R.E. (1985). "The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849–50: Its Causes and Circumstances". Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs. 19 (1): 39–85.
  70. ↑ "Ch'ing China: The Taiping Rebellion". July 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 O'Grada, as above.
  72. 1 2 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.
  73. ↑ Seyf, Ahmad (2010), "Iran and the Great Famine, 1870–72", Middle East Studies, Taylor & Francis, 46 (2): 289–306, doi:10.1080/00263201003616584, S2CID 143872685
  74. ↑ Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004), Turkey: a modern history (3 ed.), I. B.Tauris, p. 72, ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  75. ↑ Mitchell, Stephen (1995), Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor (reprint ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-19-815029-9, archived from the original on 2023-03-31, retrieved 2023-02-26
  76. ↑ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 245.
  77. ↑ Roy, Tirthankar (2006), The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 361
  78. 1 2 Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1900). "Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt". Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  79. ↑ Ó Gráda 2009, Chapter 1.
  80. ↑ The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80 Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Arctic Anthropology
  81. ↑ Serrill, Michael S. (1987-12-21). "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst". Time.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  82. ↑ "El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-11.
  83. ↑ "The History of International Humanitarian Assistance". Iupui.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  84. ↑ Spiridovich, Alexander. Revolutionary movement in Russian. Ed. 2. Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine; accessed June 22, 2018.(in Russian)
  85. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
  86. ↑ Dyson 1991, p. 15.
  87. ↑ "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).
  88. ↑ R. J. Harrison, "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 300–07
  89. ↑ Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000). Spain's 1898 crisis : regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5862-7. OCLC 44100623. A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
  90. ↑ Penuel, K.; Statler, Matt (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412994064. ISBN 9781412971010. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  91. ↑ Basckin, Deborah (November 25, 2014). "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Magazine. BBC News. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  92. ↑ "The National Archives | Exhibitions & Learning online | First World War | Spotlights on history". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2004-07-22. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  93. ↑
    • Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations. New York: New Press, The. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
    • Katouzian, Homa (2013). Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 1934. ISBN 9781780742731.
    • Rubin, Barry (2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 508. ISBN 9781317455783.
  94. ↑ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2003). The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761826330.
  95. ↑ Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  96. ↑ Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  97. ↑ {Mizelle, Peter Christopher (2002), "Battle with famine" : Soviet relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922, University of Virginia, doi:10.18130/V37P8TC84, retrieved 2023-02-25
  98. ↑ Wasyl, Veryha (1984). "Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet government's countermeasures". Nationalities Papers. District of Columbia, USA. 12 (2): 265–285. doi:10.1080/00905998408408001. S2CID 154189763.
  99. ↑ Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  100. ↑ Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501730436.
  101. 1 2 Davies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010-01-20). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. OCLC 649384703.
  102. ↑ "Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
  103. ↑ "Intute". Jisc. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007.
  104. ↑ In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in the General Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all, Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). The Belzec extermination camp, the Sobibor extermination camp and the Treblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
  105. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  106. ↑ Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  107. ↑ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417-418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110-113.
  108. ↑ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC 62532868.
  109. ↑ Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007
  110. ↑ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
  111. ↑ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
  112. ↑ Alexander Werth, Russia at War 1941-1945, 2000 Carroll & Graf Publishers New York, pages 607/608
  113. ↑ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2004. P. 186.
  114. ↑ Mohammad Gholi Majd: Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine; University Press of America, 2016.
  115. ↑ Mary Fletcher: Famine in Arabia Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  116. ↑ Ulrike Freitag: Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland; BRILL, 2003. (p. 406)
  117. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  118. ↑ Geoffrey Gunn, The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited Archived 2022-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, The Asia-Pacific Journal Volume 9 | Issue 5 | Number 4 | Article ID 3483 | Jan 24, 2011. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  119. ↑ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321 to 343, (p. 336).
  120. ↑ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47 Archived 2021-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
  121. ↑ The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics
  122. ↑ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  123. ↑ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  124. 1 2 MENG, XIN; QIAN, NANCY; YARED, PIERRE (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  125. ↑ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  126. ↑ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259.
  127. ↑ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  128. ↑ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  129. ↑ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow, TIME
  130. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
  131. ↑ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  132. ↑ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
  133. ↑ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS. Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
  134. ↑ Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  135. ↑ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  136. ↑ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  137. ↑ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  138. ↑ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  139. ↑ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2023-02-26.

Bibliography

  • Alfani, Guido; Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). Famine in European History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-84123-5. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  • Alfani, Guido; Mocarelli, Luca; Strangio, Donatella (January 2016). "Italian Famines: An overview (ca. 1250-1810)". Dondena Centre, Bocconi University.
  • Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I". Population Studies. 45 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145056. JSTOR 2174991. PMID 11622922.
  • Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-02-26.


This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.