List of genetic codes

While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes.[1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI.[2]

The alternative translation tables (2 to 33) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the list of all known alternative codons.

Table summary

Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes):

Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic Termination: stop codon *
Codon Translation table ID (see above)
12345691011121314151621222324252627282930313233
TTTFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
TTCFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
TTALLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL*LLLLLLLLLL
TTGLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
TCTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
TCCSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
TCASSSSSSSSSSSSSSS*SSSSSSSSSSS
TCGSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
TATYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
TACYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
TAA*****Q*****Y********QQYEE*Y
TAG*****Q******QL*L****QQYEEW*
TGTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
TGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
TGA*WWWW*WC**WW**W**WG*WW**W*W
TGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
CTTLLTLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
CTCLLTLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
CTALLTLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
CTGLLTLLLLLLSLLLLLLLLLALLLLLLL
CCTPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CCCPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CCAPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CCGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CATHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
CACHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
CAAQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
CAGQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
CGTRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
CGCRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
CGARRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
CGGRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
ATTIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ATCIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ATAIMMIMIIIIIMIIIMIIIIIIIIIIII
ATGMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
ACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
ACCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
ACATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
ACGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
AATNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
AACNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
AAAKKKKKKNKKKKNKKNKKKKKKKKKKKK
AAGKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
AGTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
AGCSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
AGAR*RRSRSRRRGSRRSRRSRRRRRRRRS
AGGR*RRSRSRRRGSRRSRRKRRRRRRRRK
GTTVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
GTCVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
GTAVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
GTGVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
GCTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
GCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
GCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
GCGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
GATDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
GACDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
GAAEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
GAGEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
GGTGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

Notes

Three translation tables have a peculiar status:

  • Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
  • Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
  • Table 15 is deleted in the source but included here for completeness.

Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis, such as post-transcriptional modification.

References

  1. Watanabe, Kimitsuna; Suzuki, Tsutomu (2001). "Genetic Code and its Variants". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000810. ISBN 047001590X.
  2. Elzanowski, Andrzej; Jim Ostell (7 July 2010). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  3. "NCBI Taxonomy Homepage". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009.
  4. "The Genetic Codes".
  5. "NCBI genetic code table".
  6. Su, Huei-Jiun; Barkman, Todd J.; Hao, Weilong; Jones, Samuel S.; Naumann, Julia; Skippington, Elizabeth; Wafula, Eric K.; Hu, Jer-Ming; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; DePamphilis, Claude W. (15 January 2019). "Novel genetic code and record-setting AT-richness in the highly reduced plastid genome of the holoparasitic plant Balanophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (3): 934–943. doi:10.1073/pnas.1816822116. PMC 6338844. PMID 30598433.

See also

  • Genetic codes: list of alternative codons

Further reading

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