OpenNotes

OpenNotes organization

OpenNotes is a research initiative and international movement located at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (affiliated with Harvard Medical School), that is focused on making health care more open and transparent by encouraging doctors, nurses, therapists, and other health care professionals to share clinical visit notes (SOAP note) with patients, facilitating patients' legal right to access to their own medical record.[1] Patients who have access to their full medical record, including their notes, report better understanding their diagnosed conditions, feeling more in control of healthcare decisions, and being able to identify errors and inaccuracies in the record.[2]

  • The clinical note is detailed documentation about a medical professional's encounter with a patient (also known as the SOAP note) and becomes part of a person's medical record within a given institution. Notes are written by the treating medical provider, but could also be drafted by a medical scribe or medical student and later signed by a board-certified physician.
  • An “open note” is when doctors, nurses other medical professionals share clinical visit notes with patients.[1]
  • U.S. citizens have the legal right to request and receive copies of their medical records, including clinical notes, through the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).[3] The process of making a formal medical records request through a hospital can take time and effort, and people must pay for the materials the medical records are delivered on (e.g., paper copies, CDs and DVDs).[4] Starting April 5, 2021, U.S. patients will have near immediate access to most all information in their electronic medical records, including progress notes; when notes are shared then become open notes.[5][6] (See: OpenNotes: Related U.S. Public Policy.)
  • Sharing clinical notes with patients was made more possible after the widespread adoption of electronic health records in the United States and around the world.

Funding

The research and dissemination work of the OpenNotes organization is funded entirely by grants, foundations, and philanthropy. In 2015, four major healthcare philanthropic organizations (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Cambia Health Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Peterson Center on Healthcare) pledged $10 million in funding to spread access to clinical notes to 50 million people in the U.S.[7] In 2017, the New York State Health Foundation funded eight hospitals to foster the spread of open notes,[8] and later funded six non-hospital organizations to spread open notes at community centers.[9] Specific research investigating patient partnerships to discover and report errors in medical records has been funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (AHRQ) and the Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine (SIDM).[10]

Scholarship

OpenNotes is a research component of the Research Section of the Division of General Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. The program is affiliated with the John F. Keane & Family Professorship in Medicine at Harvard Medical School; the holder of this title is distinguished as a leader in advancing patient and clinician engagement and health care transparency.[11]

Research about open visit notes ("open notes")

Original open notes demonstration project

In 2010, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Geisinger Health System in Pennsylvania, and Seattle's Harborview Medical Center launched an exploratory study involving 105 primary care doctors inviting 20,000 of their patients to read their clinical notes via secure online patient portals. The study, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, examined the effects of sharing notes on both patients and doctors. Results of this study were published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2012 in the paper, “Inviting Patients to Read Their Doctors' Notes: A Quasi-Experimental Study and a Look Ahead.”[12] The paper showed that doctors reported little change in workload and clinician fears were unfounded. Patients overwhelmingly approved of note sharing as a practice; few were worried or confused by their notes. Instead, patients reported that reading notes helped them feel more in control of their health and health care.

In response, several health systems made plans to adopt open notes. This study has been replicated at numerous sites in the U.S., including at Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Cedars-Sinai, and at the U.S. Department of Veterans’ Affairs, and led to the adoption of sharing clinical notes in North America.

Primary care

Research indicates 25% of patients who contact doctors as a result of reading their notes report possible errors.[13] In a 2012 study,[12] up to 78% of patients reported that reading doctor's notes helped them take their medications as prescribed. A study by the Geisinger Center for Health Research found patients offered access to notes were more likely to fill their prescriptions for blood pressure medication.[14] A majority of patients reported that reviewing notes made them feel the same or better about their doctor. Research shows that sharing notes with patients can lead to improved communication, collaborative decision-making, and strengthened relationships. 77–87% of patients in one study said that accessing their notes made them feel more in control of their health care.

Caregivers / care partners

In a study,[15] caregivers reported benefits from note sharing similar to those reported by patients. When caregivers are able to review notes (e.g., through a healthcare proxy) they report being able to better manage the health needs of people in their care, including scheduling visits, reconciling medication lists, and following through on recommendations.

Pediatrics and adolescents

Starting at age 13, Boston Children's Hospital offers parents and patients separate portal accounts so that adolescent children are able to access their open notes.[16] A small study (N=55) of adolescents and young adults (ages 12–20) with chronic pediatric gastrointestinal/liver disease show that in general, AYA's are satisfied with their clinical notes, and all but 1 of the study participants had adequate functional health literacy.[17]

Vulnerable populations

Lower income patients, African Americans and other racial minorities, and those with less than high school education are more likely than white patients or those with higher incomes to report improved trust in their clinician and health care organization when access to notes is offered.[18] When patients read notes, they report benefits, including feeling more comfortable with and in control of medications, having an increased understanding of side effects, and being more likely to take medications as prescribed.[19]

Mental health

Using notes as an integral component of therapy is gaining interest among mental health professionals and patients.[20] Mental health notes are usually written by psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. A report from a small sample of Veterans Health Administration patients reading online mental health notes indicates patient experiences are more positive than negative when reading mental health notes.[21] In a study of psychotherapists’ notes shared with patients online at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, results showed, "Nearly all survey respondents (94%) agreed that having open therapy notes is a good idea, and 87% wanted it to continue. More than half reported therapy notes were 'very important'... for feeling in control of their care, trusting their providers and taking care of themselves. Two respondents felt offended, and 7 (11%) felt judged by something they read in a note."[22]

Not as many health organizations have chosen to share mental notes due to concerns patients could become confused, anxious, or offended by what is written. Some have suggested this is a philosophical dilemma that could be addressed by reconsidering assumptions that reading notes is harmful, and instead conceiving the therapy notes as an extension of the clinical encounter.[23]

Oncology

Common concerns clinicians have about sharing oncology notes include: patients receiving "bad news" about their diagnosis before talking with a doctor (e.g., through access to test results, radiology reports); oncologists writing more in a note about prognosis than what they may say to a patient during an in-person visit; and that patients will become anxious as a result of reading the note.[24]

A study published in Cancer Cell in 2020 outlined how cancer patient and oncology clinician views of open notes differed.[25] Example from the article: 98% of cancer patients believed open notes to be a "good idea," while 70% of oncology clinicians felt the same. Another gap: while 44% of clinicians believed cancer patients would be confused by their notes, just 4% of the cancer patients reported feeling confused.[26]

MD Anderson Cancer Center began sharing clinical notes through their online patient portal in 2009, and report that oncology patients experience similar benefits to reading their notes as primary care patients.[27]

“… our active patients have obtained access to their electronic records. As a result, they are more informed about their care plan and diagnostic results and ask smarter, more focused questions. There have been no adverse consequences and generally positive feedback from patients and physicians.” - Feeley TW, Shine KI. Access to the Medical Record for Patients and Involved Providers: Transparency Through Electronic Tools. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:853–854. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00010[27]

Harborview Medical Center began sharing clinic visit notes in most all outpatient settings in 2014, including in outpatient oncology. In an editorial for the Journal of Oncology Practice, Daniel B. Martin, MD, said, "The clinic visit note will become another tool with which providers communicate with patients… providing all the information a patient can choose to use in an accessible format facilitates better communication between patients and their providers.”[28]

In 2017, UCLA and Memorial Sloan Kettering wanted to better understand patient perceptions of open access to radiation oncology notes made available through the online patient portal. The study found all patients reported the notes to be useful; 94-96% of patients self-reported as having an improved understanding of their diagnosis, of treatment side effects, and feeling more reassured about treatment.[29] However, 4-11% of patients noted increased worry and confusion, or now having found information they "regret reading."[29]

In 2018, a qualitative study was conducted of patients in treatment for metastatic or advanced cancer who read their clinical notes at Duke Health. Interviews with these patients revealed most thought reading notes improved their care experiences, although a small subset experienced increased distress.[30]

Qualitative research of oncology open notes in Sweden challenged assumptions about how and when patients receive information about their cancer care.[31] As part of the study, one patient said, "if we can manage to have all of these cancer diseases and to live with it, then we can handle reading about it."[32] In a survey of oncologists in Sweden, "73% believed that patient access to oncology notes was a good idea" and perceived "patients felt they had more control of their care."[31]

Accuracy of the record, quality and safety

When solicited through an online reporting tool, one-quarter of patients and families receiving care at three different health systems sharing clinical notes in the United States identified potential medical documentation errors, half of which were considered "important" by the patients/families and clinicians.[33] The most common potential inaccuracies included how symptoms were described, past medical history, and the list of medications patients were taking.

A survey of 22,889 note-reading patients at 3 U.S. health systems showed that 1 in 5 patients surveyed claimed they could find errors in their visit notes;[34] the most commonly reported errors had to do with diagnoses, history and medications. More than 40% of those who reported finding an error said the error was 'serious.'

Clinician reception to open notes

Clinicians (e.g., doctors, nurses) who are considering sharing notes have reported anxiety about sharing notes with patients, including concerns about an increase in workflow, time spent in documentation, and litigation risks (see: medical malpractice and physician burnout). Clinicians who share notes report workflows are not significantly changed, and a majority acknowledge that sharing notes is a good idea. More than half of doctors participating in a study[12] felt sharing notes led to improved patient satisfaction and trust.

In 2020, a survey of 1,628 clinicians (including physicians, specialist physicians, advanced practice nurses, physician assistants, therapists and others) who have been sharing clinical notes with patients for a year or more was published in JAMA Network Open. The study showed that 74% held positive views about note sharing, and most found the practice did not affect their workflow and would recommend it to colleagues at other institutions.[35]

Changes to documentation when patients are reading

A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology Cancer Clinical Informatics analyzed 102,135 clinical notes written by 35 hematologists/oncologists at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center before and after open notes. On average, clinicians did not change their note documentation, but for some there were significant changes: roughly equal proportions of clinicians make language simpler and more complex; clinicians who were previously late to submit their note documentation began completing and signing their notes more quickly.[36] A mixed methods study of 13 interviews and a random effects modeling of >500 clinical notes revealed no significant changes in oncology documentation pre- and post-implementation of open notes at VCU Medical Center (Massey Cancer Center).[37] The interviews revealed oncologists were most concerned that their colleagues documentation might change when they know patients are reading, but this has been unfounded.

In a survey of 1,628 clinicians who had a year or more of experience sharing notes (with at least one patient who read a note), 37% of doctors reported spending more time in documentation and changing the way they wrote notes, including documenting sensitive information and changing language that might be perceived as critical of patients.[35]

Clinicians reading their own notes

A study at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) showed that 42% of employees who view their own medical records directly through the electronic health record (EHR) are using the EHR to view their clinical notes.[38] During the 5-year study period than 28,000 employees were allowed access to their records through the EHR, and 79.4% had logged in at least once. At the time of the study, clinical notes were not shared through the VUMC patient portal.

Patient views of open notes

Over multiple surveys, people who have experience reading clinician's visit notes continue to report understanding all or nearly all of their notes (93-98%) and find them to be accurate.[12][6][13][18] People who say they do not understand much of a note say they seek out additional information/clarification by using the Internet, asking a clinician, or asking a friend or family member.[39]

One study asked people with experience reading visit notes if they had suggestions to make the note "more meaningful to patient readers." Patient suggestions included:

  • Restructuring notes to put the most important information at the top
  • Avoiding medical jargon, and/or including “mouse over” features in the online patient portal to define terms and acronyms
  • Avoiding potentially judgmental language, such as “patient denies” or “obese”[39]

Clinical documentation in an open notes environment

In one study of post open notes-implementation, 15-20% of clinicians reported making modest changes in their approach to medical records.[40] While changes in documentation are typically small, some clinicians report spending more time in documentation after implementing note sharing.[40][41][42]

Emerging best practices for writing patient-friendly notes include:[40][43]

Suggestions Examples
Avoid abbreviations "SOB" (shortness of breath) may mean something different entirely to patients.
Avoid pejoratives such as “non-compliant” and “unreliable” These observations are better off factually documented rather than used to describe a patient.
Avoid copying and pasting information within the chart Patients and other clinicians may be confused by copy and paste.
Other suggestions: Using plain language.

Signing notes in a timely manner.

Implementing open notes at health systems

Sharing notes with patients represents a culture change for clinical practice and may create anxiety or apprehension among clinicians.[40] Common questions posed include “how to write/document” when patients are a potential audience for notes,[40] the technical aspects of an open notes implementation as it relates to the electronic health records,[44] and the demands an open notes implementation may pose on the health information management team.[45] After the first year of implementing open notes, UW Medicine Harborview Medical Center reported the patient feedback on the transition “involved a large number of patients and notes with few reported problems” and was “uneventful.”[44]

OurNotes (patient-entered HPI and goals)

OurNotes, or patient-entered history of present illness (HPI) and goals, is the concept of allowing a patient to contribute to their own medical record by updating their family and social history, writing a concise, structured interval history, and proposing a visit agenda.[46] A component of OurNotes may involve a patient first reviewing an open visit note, but it is not a requirement. It has been hypothesized that an OurNotes approach may off-load work during a medical visit, free up time for clinicians, and reduce physician burnout, which could prove mutually beneficial for clinicians and patients.[46]

OurNotes was first discussed in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2018.[46] An accompanying editorial hypothesized the concept could result in an improved “shared decision making process… thereby (encouraging patients to) follow their physicians’ advice,” and may save health systems billions of dollars on “medication nonadherence.”[47]

The OpenNotes organization received support from the Commonwealth Fund to further develop and research OurNotes.[48] The initial pilot is still being conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, University of Washington, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, and University of Colorado.

OurNotes in telemedicine

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's pilot of OurNotes expanded to telemedicine delivery in mid-March 2020.[49] In an article published in NEJM Catalyst, a physician recounted how she found her patient's contributions in the OurNotes pre-visit process “particularly helpful” before a telemedicine visit,[50] which inspired the research team to modify the OurNotes form as tool for telemedicine. The modified form can be downloaded from the paper, Covid-19 as Innovation Accelerator: Cogenerating Telemedicine Visit Notes with Patients. The form is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

“e-Patient” Dave DeBronkart blogged about his experience with OurNotes for telemedicine, saying the telemedicine visit was made easier “by being given a structured way to prepare for my visit.”[51]

Health systems sharing visit notes with patients

More than 44,000,000 patients have access to clinical notes at 210 health systems in North America.[52] In 2013, the U.S. Department of Veteran's Affairs (VHA) introduced an enhanced version of its Blue Button personal health record, including access to clinical notes.

The 21st Century Cures Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 2016, requires patients be offered access to all the health information in their electronic medical records without charge by the provider, including the notes their clinicians write. In 2020 the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT published the final program rule for the Cures Act on Interoperability, Information Blocking, and ONC Health IT Certification[53] mandating that clinical notes be available on request, in a format the patient wants. How and when this rule will be enforced is in the process of being clarified.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Versel, Neil (February 4, 2014). "OpenNotes Helps Keep Patients Informed and Engaged". U.S. News & World Report.
  2. ↑ Rabin, Roni Caryn (2012-01-09). "A study encourages people to take the doctor's notes home after exams". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  3. ↑ "Health Information Privacy". HHS.gov. 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  4. ↑ Krumholz, Harlan M.; Campos, Hugo O.; deBronkart, Dave; Mann, Marilyn K.; Hsiao, Allen L.; Daniel, Jodi G.; Gao, Ruiyi; Forman, Howard P.; Lye, Carolyn T. (2018-10-05). "Assessment of US Hospital Compliance With Regulations for Patients' Requests for Medical Records". JAMA Network Open. 1 (6): e183014. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3014. PMC 6324595. PMID 30646219.
  5. ↑ "ONC's Cures Act Final Rule". www.healthit.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  6. 1 2 Blease, Charlotte; Walker, Jan; DesRoches, Catherine M.; Delbanco, Tom (2020-10-13). "New U.S. Law Mandates Access to Clinical Notes: Implications for Patients and Clinicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 174 (1): 101–102. doi:10.7326/M20-5370. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 33045176. S2CID 222315122.
  7. ↑ "Four Foundations Come Together to Fund Expansion of the OpenNotes Movement". RWJF. 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  8. ↑ "Selected Recipients for "Spreading OpenNotes in New York State" RFP". New York State Health Foundation. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  9. ↑ "Full List of 2019 Grant Recipients to Grow OpenNotes in Non-Hospital Settings Across New York State". New York State Health Foundation. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  10. ↑ "DxQI 2020 Grantees". Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  11. ↑ "Tom Delbanco Named Keane & Family Professor | Harvard Medical School". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Delbanco, Tom; Walker, Jan; Bell, Sigall K.; Darer, Jonathan D.; Elmore, Joann G.; Farag, Nadine; Feldman, Henry J.; Mejilla, Roanne; Ngo, Long (2012-10-02). "Inviting Patients to Read Their Doctors' Notes: A Quasi-experimental Study and a Look Ahead". Annals of Internal Medicine. 157 (7): 461–470. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00002. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 3908866. PMID 23027317.
  13. 1 2 Walker, Jan; Delbanco, Tom; Ralston, James D.; Ngo, Long; Leveille, Suzanne; Elmore, Joann G.; Darer, Jonathan D.; Anselmo, Melissa; Mejilla, Roanne (2017-04-01). "When doctors share visit notes with patients: a study of patient and doctor perceptions of documentation errors, safety opportunities and the patient–doctor relationship". BMJ Quality & Safety. 26 (4): 262–270. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004697. ISSN 2044-5415. PMC 7255406. PMID 27193032.
  14. ↑ Walker, Jan; Ngo, Long; Delbanco, Tom; Fossa, Alan; Tusing, Lorraine; Thompson, Jason; Tang, Xiaoqin; Darer, Jonathan; Wright, Eric (2015). "Sharing Physician Notes Through an Electronic Portal is Associated With Improved Medication Adherence: Quasi-Experimental Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 17 (10): e226. doi:10.2196/jmir.4872. PMC 4642386. PMID 26449757.
  15. ↑ Darer, Jonathan D.; Yule, Christina; Stametz, Rebecca; Green, Jamie A.; Clarke, Deserae; Berger, Andrea; Wolff, Jennifer L. (2016-11-01). "Patients, care partners, and shared access to the patient portal: online practices at an integrated health system". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 23 (6): 1150–1158. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw025. ISSN 1067-5027. PMID 27026614.
  16. ↑ "MyChildrens". apps.childrenshospital.org. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  17. ↑ Huang, Jeannie S.; Yueh, Ryan; Ma, Stacy; Cruz, Rusvelda; Bauman, Laura; Choi, Lillian J. (2019-12-01). "Adolescents' and Young Adults' Satisfaction with and Understanding of Medical Notes from a Pediatric Gastroenterology Practice: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study". The Journal of Pediatrics. 215: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.06.052. ISSN 0022-3476. PMID 31377044. S2CID 199438029.
  18. 1 2 Delbanco, Tom; DesRoches, Catherine; Stametz, Rebecca; Shucard, Hannah; Perez, Jocelyn; Payne, Thomas H.; Jackson, Sara; Harcourt, Kendall; Fitzgerald, Patricia (2019). "OpenNotes After 7 Years: Patient Experiences With Ongoing Access to Their Clinicians' Outpatient Visit Notes". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 21 (5): e13876. doi:10.2196/13876. PMC 6526690. PMID 31066717.
  19. ↑ DesRoches, Catherine M.; Bell, Sigall K.; Dong, Zhiyong; Elmore, Joann; Fernandez, Leonor; Fitzgerald, Patricia; Liao, Joshua M.; Payne, Thomas H.; Delbanco, Tom (2019-05-28). "Patients Managing Medications and Reading Their Visit Notes: A Survey of OpenNotes Participants". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (1): 69–71. doi:10.7326/M18-3197. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 31132794. S2CID 167217206.
  20. ↑ Delbanco, Tom; Walker, Jan; Bell, Sigall K.; Kahn, Michael W. (2014-04-02). "Let's Show Patients Their Mental Health Records". JAMA. 311 (13): 1291–1292. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.1824. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 24691603.
  21. ↑ Dobscha, Steven K.; Trevino, Amira; Hooker, Elizabeth R.; Pisciotta, Maura; Denneson, Lauren M. (2019-01-01). "Impacts of a web-based educational program for veterans who read their mental health notes online". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 26 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy134. PMC 7647153. PMID 30445648.
  22. ↑ O’Neill, Stephen; Chimowitz, Hannah; Leveille, Suzanne; Walker, Jan (2019-07-31). "Embracing the new age of transparency: mental health patients reading their psychotherapy notes online". Journal of Mental Health. 28 (5): 527–535. doi:10.1080/09638237.2019.1644490. ISSN 0963-8237. PMID 31364902. S2CID 199000133.
  23. ↑ Blease, Charlotte R.; O'Neill, Stephen; Walker, Jan; Hägglund, Maria; Torous, John (2020-02-11). "Sharing notes with mental health patients: balancing risks with respect". The Lancet Psychiatry. 7 (11): 924–925. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30032-8. ISSN 2215-0366. PMID 32059796. S2CID 211121648.
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  27. 1 2 Feeley, Thomas W.; Shine, Kenneth I. (2011-12-20). "Access to the Medical Record for Patients and Involved Providers: Transparency Through Electronic Tools". Annals of Internal Medicine. 155 (12): 853–4. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00010. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 22184694.
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  29. 1 2 Shaverdian, Narek; Chang, Eric M.; Chu, Fang-I.; Morasso, Elizabeth Grace; Pfeffer, Michael A.; Cheng, Eric M.; Wu, Allan; McCloskey, Susan A.; Raldow, Ann C.; Steinberg, Michael L. (2019-03-01). "Impact of Open Access to Physician Notes on Radiation Oncology Patients: Results from an Exploratory Survey". Practical Radiation Oncology. 9 (2): 102–107. doi:10.1016/j.prro.2018.10.004. ISSN 1879-8500. PMID 30342179. S2CID 53045035.
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  31. 1 2 Blease, Charlotte; Salmi, Liz; DesRoches, Catherine M. (2020-09-01). "Open notes in cancer care: coming soon to patients". The Lancet Oncology. 21 (9): 1136–1138. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30423-X. ISSN 1470-2045. PMC 7462451. PMID 32888448.
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  33. ↑ Bell, Sigall K.; Folcarelli, Patricia; Spencer, Melanie D.; McWilliams, Andrew; Vaden, Tracela; Connor, Crystal D.; Taylor, Yhenneko J.; Davis, Marion E.; Gerard, Macda (2019). "A patient and family reporting system for perceived ambulatory note mistakes: experience at 3 U.S. healthcare centers". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 26 (12): 1566–1573. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz142. PMC 7647145. PMID 31504576.
  34. ↑ Bell, Sigall K.; Delbanco, Tom; Elmore, Joann G.; Fitzgerald, Patricia S.; Fossa, Alan; Harcourt, Kendall; Leveille, Suzanne G.; Payne, Thomas H.; Stametz, Rebecca A.; Walker, Jan; DesRoches, Catherine M. (2020-06-01). "Frequency and Types of Patient-Reported Errors in Electronic Health Record Ambulatory Care Notes". JAMA Network Open. 3 (6): e205867. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5867. PMC 7284300. PMID 32515797.
  35. 1 2 DesRoches, Catherine M.; Leveille, Suzanne; Bell, Sigall K.; Dong, Zhiyong J.; Elmore, Joann G.; Fernandez, Leonor; Harcourt, Kendall; Fitzgerald, Patricia; Payne, Thomas H.; Stametz, Rebecca; Delbanco, Tom (2020-03-02). "The Views and Experiences of Clinicians Sharing Medical Record Notes With Patients". JAMA Network Open. 3 (3): e201753. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1753. PMID 32219406.
  36. ↑ Rahimian, Maryam; Warner, Jeremy L.; Jain, Sandeep K.; Davis, Roger B.; Zerillo, Jessica A.; Joyce, Robin M. (2019-06-11). "Significant and Distinctive n-Grams in Oncology Notes: A Text-Mining Method to Analyze the Effect of OpenNotes on Clinical Documentation". JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics. 3 (3): 1–9. doi:10.1200/CCI.19.00012. PMC 6873977. PMID 31184919.
  37. ↑ Alpert, Jordan M.; Morris, Bonny B.; Thomson, Maria D.; Matin, Khalid; Sabo, Roy T.; Brown, Richard F. (2019-10-01). "Patient access to clinical notes in oncology: A mixed method analysis of oncologists' attitudes and linguistic characteristics towards notes". Patient Education and Counseling. 102 (10): 1917–1924. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.05.008. ISSN 0738-3991. PMC 6716990. PMID 31109771.
  38. ↑ Sulieman, Lina; Steitz, Bryan; Rosenbloom, S. Trent (May 2020). "Analysis of Employee Patient Portal Use and Electronic Health Record Access at an Academic Medical Center". Applied Clinical Informatics. 11 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1713412. ISSN 1869-0327. PMC 7299683. PMID 32557441.
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  49. ↑ Drees, Jackie (May 13, 2020). "How Beth Israel Deaconess added pre-visit patient info to the EHR to save clinicians time during virtual visits". Becker's Healthcare. Retrieved 2020-05-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ KriegelGila; BellSigall; DelbancoTom; WalkerJan (2020-05-12). "Covid-19 as Innovation Accelerator: Cogenerating Telemedicine Visit Notes with Patients". NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery. doi:10.1056/cat.20.0154 (inactive 31 October 2021).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2021 (link)
  51. ↑ "OpenNotes donates pre-visit form for telemedicine: SPM Blog". participatorymedicine.org. 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  52. ↑ "OpenNotes notches another big milestone, with 40 million patients now seeing their EHRs". Healthcare IT News. 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
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