Pseudonocardia
Pseudonocardia | |
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Genus: | Pseudonocardia Henssen, 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)[1] |
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Pseudonocardia is the type genus of the bacteria family Pseudonocardiaceae. Members of this genus have been found living mutualistically on the cuticle of the leafcutter ants[3] because the bacteria has antibiotic properties that protect the fungus grown by the ants.[4] When they are grooming, their legs are passed over their mouth gland (metapleural gland) that produces the antibiotic and then their legs touch the fungi while they are walking around. The ants have metapleural glands that produce the antimicrobial components to eliminate the Escovopsis fungi. The bacteria may also be found in crypts on the propleural plate. Pseudonocardia is found to have antibiotic properties provided to the leaf-cutter ant to inhibit the growth of Escovopsis, which is a black yeast that parasitizes the leaf-cutter ant.[5]
Pseudonocardia can be found in both aquatic (including marine) and terrestrial ecosystems. Pseudonocardia belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria. Most Actinobacteria grow in soils that are of a neutral pH. Actinobacteria are also important in plant-associated microbial communities are referred to as "free-living."[6] This means that they are not dependent on another organism to live. For example: A non-free-living organism would be a parasite that depends on a host as a food source and a place for shelter. "Free-living" also allows these organisms to require less energy and food for survival. Pseudonocardia is a catalase-positive, non-motile, aerobic and a non-acid-fasting bacteria and produces a gram positive reaction. Under the microscope they exhibit branching, rod-shaped organisms.[7]
There are many different strains of Pseudonocardia and a good portion of these strains have been found in China, in soils of the forest and in Eucalyptus trees of Australia.
Species
- Type species: Pseudonocardia thermophila, Henssen, 1957 (approved lists 1980)[8]
- Pseudonocardia acaciae, Duangmal et al. 2009, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia adelaidensis Kaewkla and Franco 2010 sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia ailaonensis, Qin et al. 2008, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia alaniniphila, (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia alni, (Evtushenko et al. 1989) Warwick et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans, Liu et al. 2006, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia antarctica, Prabahar et al. 2004, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia antitumoralis Tian et al. 2013, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia artemisiae Zhao et al. 2011, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia asaccharolytica, Reichert et al. 1998, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia aurantiaca, (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia autotrophica, (Takamiya and Tubaki 1956) Warwick et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia babensis Sakiyama et al. 2010, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia bannensis corrig. Zhao et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia benzenivorans, Kämpfer and Kroppenstedt 2004, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia cypriaca Sahin et al. 2014, sp. nov[8]
- Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans, Park et al. 2008, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia chloroethenivorans, Lee et al. 2004, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia compacta, Henssen et al. 1983, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans, Mahendra and Alvarez-Cohen 2005, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia endophytica, Chen et al. 2009, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia eucalypti Kaewkla and Franco 2011, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia halophobica, (Akimov et al. 1989) McVeigh et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia hierapolitana Sahin et al. 2014, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia hispaniensis Cuesta et al. 2013, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia hydrocarbonoxydans, (Nolof and Hirsch 1962) Warwick et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia khuvsgulensis Ara et al. 2011, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia kunmingensis Zhao et al. 2011, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia kongjuensis, Lee et al. 2001, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia mongoliensis Ara et al. 2011, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia nantongensis Xing et al. 2014, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia nematodicida Liu et al. 2015, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia nitrificans, (ex Schatz et al. 1954) Warwick et al. 1994, nom. rev., comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia oroxyli, Gu et al. 2006, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia parietis, Schäfer et al. 2009, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia petroleophila, (Hirsch and Engel 1956) Warwick et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia rhizophila Li et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia salamisensis Sahin et al. 2014, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia saturnea, (Hirsch 1960) Warwick et al. 1994, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia sediminis Zhang et al. 2014, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia seranimata corrig. Zhao et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia sichuanensis Qin et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia spinosa, Schäfer 1971, species.[8]
- Pseudonocardia spinosispora, Lee et al. 2002, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia sulfidoxydans, Reichert et al. 1998, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia tetrahydrofuranoxydans, Kämpfer et al. 2006, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia tropica Qin et al. 2010, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia xinjiangensis, (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia xishanensis Zhao et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia yuanmonensis corrig. Nie et al. 2012, sp. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia yunnanensis, (Jiang et al. 1991) Huang et al. 2002, comb. nov.[8]
- Pseudonocardia zijingensis, Huang et al. 2002, sp. nov.[8]
References
- ↑ "Pseudonocardiaceae on www.bacterio.cict.fr". Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ↑ Huang Y, Wang L, Lu Z, Hong L, Liu Z, Tan GYA, Goodfellow M. (2002). "Proposal to combine the genera Actinobispora and Pseudonocardia in an emended genus Pseudonocardia, and description of Pseudonocardia zijingensis sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 977–982.
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: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ↑ Symbiont recognition of mutualistic bacteria by Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants, Zhang, M.M., Poulsen, M. and Currie, C.R. (2007), International Society for Microbial Ecology, 1:313-320
- ↑ Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites, Currie, C.R., Scott S.A., Summerbell R.C., and David M. (1999), Nature, 398:701-704
- ↑ Hoy, Marjorie. "Symbiosis in Attine Fugus-Growing Ants".
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(help) - ↑ Barka, Essaid Ait. "Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria". The American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ↑ Huang, Ying (2015). "Pseudonocardia". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. pp. 1–32. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00184. ISBN 9781118960608.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Parte, A.C. "Pseudonocardia". LPSN.
External links
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