Soteria (psychiatric treatment)

Soteria, Zwiefalten, Germany (2011)

Soteria is a community service that provides a space for people experiencing mental distress or crisis. Based on a recovery model, common elements of the Soteria approach include primarily non-medical staffing; preserving resident's personal power, social networks, and communal responsibilities; finding meaning in the subjective experience of psychosis by "being with" clients; and no or minimal use of antipsychotic medication (with any medication taken from a position of choice and without coercion).[1]

Soterias are open, with no restraint facilities. Loren Mosher, who founded the Soteria experience, showed that it is possible to treat acute psychosis without restraint methods.[2]

Soteria houses are often seen as gentler alternatives to a psychiatric hospital system perceived as authoritarian, hostile or violent and based on routine use of psychiatric (particularly antipsychotic) drugs. Soteria houses are sometimes used as "early intervention" or "crisis resolution" services.

Theoretical model

Former patients declared that they needed "love and food and understanding, not drugs", and the Soteria Project was meant to compare results of the methods.[3] Most psychiatric wards function according to the medical model.[4]: 113  Doctors possess decision-making powers and final authority; primary therapeutic value is attached to drugs used extensively; patients are considered as having an illness, with concomitant disability and dysfunction which should be "treated" and "cured"; labeling and its consequences, namely stigmatization and objectification, are almost inevitable.[4]: 113  At Soteria, in contrast, the primary focus was on development, learning, and growth.[4]: 113 

History

The original Soteria Research Project was founded by psychiatrist Loren Mosher in San Jose, California, in 1971. A replication facility ("Emanon") opened in 1974 in another suburban San Francisco Bay Area city. Loren Mosher was influenced by the philosophy of moral treatment, previous experimental therapeutic communities (such as the Fairweather Lodges), the work[5] of Harry Stack Sullivan, and Freudian psychoanalysis. The name Soteria comes from the Greek Σωτηρία for "salvation" or "deliverance" (see Soter).[6]

Mosher's first Soteria house specifically selected unmarried subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 who had recently been diagnosed as meeting the DSM-II criteria for schizophrenia. Staff members at the house were encouraged to treat residents as peers and to share household chores. The program was designed to create a quiet, calming environment that respected and tolerated individual differences and autonomy. There was also an ethos of shared responsibility for the running of the house and playing a part in a mutually-supportive community, with the distinction between experts and non-experts downplayed (similar to therapeutic communities). Psychotropic medication, including anti-psychotics, were not completely rejected and were used in some circumstances. The Soteria staff, compared to staff in other psychiatric services, were found to possess significantly more intuition, introversion, flexibility, and tolerance of altered states of consciousness.[7]

The Soteria project was admired by many professionals around the world who aspired to create mental health services based on a social, as opposed to a medical, model. It was also heavily criticized as irresponsible or ineffective. The US Soteria Project closed as a clinical program in 1983 due to lack of financial support, although it became the subject of research evaluation with competing claims and analysis. Second generation US successors to the original Soteria house called Crossing Place is still active, although more focused on medication management.

A first European near-replication of the original Soteria approach was implemented in 1984 in Bern, Switzerland, on a somewhat different conceptual basis. Three Soteria-like environments focused on longer term rehabilitation were created in Sweden (Perris, 1989).

Writing in 1999, Mosher described the core of Soteria as "the 24 hour a day application of interpersonal phenomenologic interventions by a nonprofessional staff, usually without neuroleptic drug treatment, in the context of a small, homelike, quiet, supportive, protective, and tolerant social environment."[6] More recent adaptions sometimes employed professional staff.[8] The Soteria approach has traditionally been applied to the treatment of those given a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Current Soteria work

Soteria or Soteria-based houses are currently run in Sweden,[9] Finland,[10] Germany,[11][12][13] Switzerland,[14] Hungary,[15] the United States,[16][lower-alpha 1] and some other countries.

“Soteria Bern” located in the center of Bern started functioning on 1 May 1984 in a 12-room house surrounded with a garden. In the house, a maximum of six-eight patients and two nurses can be accommodated. Admitted patients had to meet the following criteria:

  1. aged 17–35;
  2. a recent onset of schizophreniform or schizophrenic psychosis defined by using DSM-III-R criteria, not more than one year before admission;
  3. at least two of the following six symptoms within the previous four weeks: severely deviant social behaviors, schizophrenic disorders of affect, catatonia, thought disorders, hallucinations, delusions.[22]

Research at Soteria Bern found that most acute schizophrenia patients can be as successfully treated as by standard hospital proceedings, but with significantly lower doses of anti-psychotics and without higher daily costs. In addition, the Soteria approach appeared to offer certain advantages mainly located at the subjective-emotional, familial and social level.[23]

In the context of increasing interest in the Soteria approach in the United Kingdom, several European countries, North America, and Australasia, a review of controlled trials suggested the Soteria paradigm yields equal, and in certain specific areas better, results in the treatment of people diagnosed with first- or second-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (and with considerably lower use of medication) when compared with conventional, medication-based approaches. A reevaluation of the approach was called for.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Soteria-Alaska operated from 2008 until 2015 when it closed due to insufficient funding.[17][18][19][20][21]

References

  1. 1 2 Calton T, Ferriter M, Huband N, Spandler H (January 2008). "A systematic review of the Soteria paradigm for the treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia". Schizophr Bull. 34 (1): 181–92. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm047. PMC 2632384. PMID 17573357.
  2. ↑ Toresini, Lorenzo (2007). "Soteria – no restraint system in Italy" (PDF). Neurologia Croatica. 56 (Suppl 5): 120–121. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ↑ Whitaker, Robert (2002). Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill. Philadelphia: Basic Books. pp. 220–26. ISBN 9780465020140.
  4. 1 2 3 Mosher, Loren R. (1995). "The Soteria Project: The First Generation American Alternatives to Psychiatric Hospitalization". In Richard Warner (ed.). Alternatives to the Hospital for Acute Psychiatric Treatment. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 111–132. ISBN 978-0-88048-484-8.
  5. ↑ Sullivan HS (1962) Schizophrenia as a human process. New York: Norton.
  6. 1 2 Mosher L.R. (March 1999). "Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review" (PDF). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 187 (3): 142–149. doi:10.1097/00005053-199903000-00003. PMID 10086470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-29.
  7. ↑ Hirschfeld RM, Matthews SM, Mosher LR, Menn AZ (April 1977). "Being with madness: personality characteristics of three treatment staffs". Hosp Community Psychiatry. 28 (4): 267–73. doi:10.1176/ps.28.4.267. PMID 844816. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12.
  8. ↑ Ciompi L (1997). "The Soteria-concept. Theoretical bases and practical 13-year-experience with a milieu-therapeutic approach of acute schizophrenia". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 99 (9): 634–50. PMID 9396381.
  9. ↑ Perris, C.M. Cognitive Therapy with Schizophrenic Patients. Guilford, New York, NY, 1989.
  10. ↑ Soteria - kristillinen terapiakeskus
  11. ↑ Allgemeine Psychiatrie I / Soteria
  12. ↑ Toll - Haus
  13. ↑ Soteria
  14. ↑ Soteria Bern
  15. ↑ Soteria Alapítvány
  16. ↑ https://www.pathwaysvermont.org/what-we-do/our-programs/soteria/
  17. ↑ "Lessons from Soteria-Alaska". 29 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "Soteria Alaska opening in the fall—Staff needed". 20 September 2008.
  19. ↑ "Some Observations of Soteria-Alaska". 28 September 2012.
  20. ↑ http://www.legfin.state.ak.us/BudgetReports/GetBackupDocuments.php?Year=2010&Type=proj&Number=54622&NumberType=LFD
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". soteria-alaska.com:80. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ Ciompi, Luc; Dauwalder, Hans-Peter; Maier, Christian; Aebi, Elisabeth; Trütsch, Karl; Kupper, Zeno; Rutishauser, Charlotte (October 1992). "The Pilot Project 'Soteria Bern': Clinical Experiences and Results" (PDF). British Journal of Psychiatry. 18 (Supplement): 145–153. doi:10.1192/S0007125000297183. PMID 1356365. S2CID 40933685.
  23. ↑ Ciompi L, Hoffmann H (October 2004). "Soteria Bern: an innovative milieu therapeutic approach to acute schizophrenia based on the concept of affect-logic". World Psychiatry. 3 (3): 140–146. PMC 1414694. PMID 16633478.
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