Ultramicrobacteria

Ultramicrobacteria are bacteria that are smaller than 0.1 μm³ under all growth conditions.^[1][2][3] This term was coined in 1981, describing cocci in seawater that were less than 0.3 μm in diameter.^[4] Ultramicrobacteria have also been recovered from soil and appear to be a mixture of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and cell-wall-lacking species.^[5][2] Ultramicrobacteria possess a relatively high surface-area-to-volume ratio due to their small size, which aids in growth under oligotrophic (i.e. nutrient-poor) conditions.^[2] The relatively small size of ultramicrobacteria also enables parasitism of larger organisms;^[2] some ultramicrobacteria have been observed to be obligate or facultative parasites of various eukaryotes and prokaryotes.^[1][2] One factor allowing ultramicrobacteria to achieve their small size seems to be genome minimization^[1][2] such as in the case of the ultramicrobacterium P. ubique whose small 1.3 Mb genome is seemingly devoid of extraneous genetic elements like non-coding DNA, transposons, extrachromosomal elements etc.^[2] However, genomic data from ultramicrobacteria is lacking^[2] since the study of ultramicrobacteria, like many other prokaryotes, is hindered by difficulties in cultivating them.^[3]

Microbacterial studies from Berkeley Labs at UC Berkeley have produced detailed microscopy images of ultra-small microbial species.^[6] Cells imaged have an average volume of 0.009 cubic microns, meaning that about 150,000 of them could fit on the tip of a human hair.^[6] These bacteria were found in groundwater samples from Rifle, Colorado, after the water was filtered through filters commonly believed to sterilize water.^[6] These samples were then brought to Berekeley's Lab's Life Sciences Division, and analyzed with 2-D and 3-D cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Images of theses ultra-small bacteria display dense spirals of DNA, few ribosomes, hair-like fibrous appendages, and minimized metabolic systems.^[6] Such cells probably gain most essential nutrients and metabolites from other bacteria.^[6] Genomic sequencing of specimens found the genomes to be about 1 million base pairs long, and that the species found came from multiple phyla.^[6] Bacteria in the ultra-small size range are thought to be rather common but difficult to detect. ^[6]

Ultramicrobacteria are commonly confused with ultramicrocells, the latter of which are the dormant, stress-resistant forms of larger cells that form under starvation conditions^[1][2][7] (i.e. these larger cells downregulate their metabolism, stop growing and stabilize their DNA to create ultramicrocells that remain viable for years^[1][8]) whereas the small size of ultramicrobacteria is not a starvation response and is consistent even under nutrient-rich conditions.^[3]

The term "nanobacteria" is sometimes used synonymously with ultramicrobacteria in the scientific literature,^[2] but ultramicrobacteria are distinct from the purported nanobacteria or "calcifying nanoparticles", which were proposed to be living organisms that were 0.1 μm in diameter.^[9] These structures are now thought to be nonliving,^[10] and likely precipitated particles of inorganic material.^[11][12]

See also

• L-form bacteria
• Mycoplasma – smallest known bacteria (300 nm)
• Nanoarchaeum – smallest known archaeum (400 nm)
• Nanobacteria – possible lifeforms smaller than bacteria (<200 nm)
• Nanobe – possible smallest lifeforms (20 nm)
• Pandoravirus – one of the largest known viruses (1000 nm)
• Parvovirus – smallest known viruses (18–28 nm)
• Pithovirus – largest known virus (1500 nm)
• Prion – smallest known infectious agent (≈10 nm)
• ND5 and MY14^T – two aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria^[13]

References