Walleye dermal sarcoma virus

Walleye dermal sarcoma virus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Artverviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Ortervirales
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Epsilonretrovirus
Species:
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus

The Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) is a retrovirus that infects walleye (Sander vitreus) often causing oncogenesis.[1] WDSV is an exogenous retrovirus belonging to the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae. This virus is related to the walleye epidermal hyperplasia viruses type 1 and type 2 (WEHV-1& WEHV-2), all belonging to the epsilonretrovirus genus based on similarities of the gene coding for the reverse transcriptase conserved in retroviruses.

Infections

The virus infects soft tissues of the walleye, causing sarcoma neoplasia to form along the body, protruding from between the scales of the boney fish. Skin lesions from WDSV and WEHV were both identified in walleye from Oneida Lake, New York in 1969.[2] The tumors associated with these viruses appear to have a seasonal cycle appearing in the fall then regressing in the springtime, an individual walleye appears to form the neoplasia once in the lifetime in the fish. In a season about 30% of walleye from Oneida Lake form tumors associated with WDSV.[3] Transmission of the virus is suspected to be fish to fish contact during spawning. The regression correlates with the increase temperature in spring along with an increase in the walleye's immune activity.[3]

Genome

With a genome of WDSV is 12.71 kb reading for 7 genes, WDSV is the largest known retrovirus genome.[4] Of the 7 genes in three are common among retroviruses, group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), and envelope (env), the remaining four genes are por, orf-A, orf-B, and orf-C the orf genes' functions have been undetermined.[5] The genetics in the virus is a single strand RNA.

References

  1. ↑ Poulet FM, Bowser PR, Casey JW (January 1996). "PCR and RT-PCR analysis of infection and transcriptional activity of walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) in organs of adult walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum)". Veterinary Pathology. 33 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1177/030098589603300107. PMID 8826007. S2CID 43016124.
  2. ↑ Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL (September 2010). "Walleye dermal sarcoma virus: molecular biology and oncogenesis". Viruses. 2 (9): 1984–1999. doi:10.3390/v2091984. PMC 3185748. PMID 21994717.
  3. 1 2 MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ, eds. (2017-01-01). "Chapter 14 - Retroviridae". Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth ed.). Boston: Academic Press. pp. 269–297. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800946-8.00014-3. ISBN 978-0-12-800946-8.
  4. ↑ Holzschu DL, Martineau D, Fodor SK, Vogt VM, Bowser PR, Casey JW (September 1995). "Nucleotide sequence and protein analysis of a complex piscine retrovirus, walleye dermal sarcoma virus". Journal of Virology. 69 (9): 5320–5331. doi:10.1128/jvi.69.9.5320-5331.1995. PMC 189371. PMID 7636975.
  5. ↑ Zhang Z, Du Tremblay D, Lang BF, Martineau D (November 1996). "Phylogenetic and epidemiologic analysis of the walleye dermal sarcoma virus". Virology. 225 (2): 406–412. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0616. PMID 8918928.
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