COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
| COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil | |
|---|---|
 A temporary hospital for Covid patients in Brazil | |
 Map of the outbreak in Brazil by confirmed cases, as of 6 March 2021 | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Brazil |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | São Paulo |
| Arrival date | 26 February 2020 (1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) |
| Confirmed cases | 28,072,238[1] |
| Active cases | 155,437[2] |
| Recovered | 21,386,271[2] |
Deaths | 643,340[1] |
| Fatality rate | 2.29% |
| Government website | |
| coronavirus | |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,[3] when a man from São Paulo who had traveled to Italy[4] tested positive for the virus. The disease had spread to every federative unit of Brazil by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.[5][6] One estimate of under-reporting was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.[7][8][9]
The pandemic has triggered a variety of responses from federal, state and local governments, having an impact on politics, education, the environment,[10] and the economy. On 27 March 2020 Brazil announced a temporary ban on foreign air travelers[11] and most state governors have imposed quarantines to prevent the spread of the virus.[12] President Jair Bolsonaro has perpetuated conspiracy theories surrounding COVID-19 treatments[13] and its origins,[14] and was accused of downplaying effective mitigations and pursuing a strategy of herd immunity.[15] In October 2021, a congressional panel recommended criminal charges against the president for his handling of the pandemic, including crimes against humanity.[15]
As of 19 February 2022, Brazil, with 28,072,238[1] confirmed cases and 643,340[1] deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only those of the United States and of India.
Timeline
2019
November
- 27 November: Two raw sewage samples collected independently on 27 November 2019 in Santa Catarina, Brazil, will later detect SARS-CoV-2 (100,000 copies per litre), 66 days in advance of the first COVID-19 confirmed case in the Americas. Subsequent samplings are positive on 11 December 2019 and 20 February 2020. These samples can show that SARS-CoV-2 was circulating in Brazil at least as early as late November 2019.[17]
2020
On 28 January 2020, Brazil's Ministry of Health announced that a suspected case of COVID-19 was being investigated in Belo Horizonte, involving a student who had recently returned from Wuhan, China.[18][19] Ministry also announced that they was investigating two other suspected cases in Porto Alegre and Curitiba.[20]
On 3 February, it was announced that the Brazilian government would assist in helping citizens in Wuhan return to the country;[21] on 5 February, two planes were sent to Wuhan to repatriate 34 citizens. The citizens and all other crew were to be quarantined and monitored for 18 days at a Brazilian Air Force base in Anápolis.[22][23] They were released ahead of schedule on 23 February, after repeatedly testing negative.[24]
On 25 February, the first confirmed COVID-19 case in Brazil (and the first in South America) was announced by the Health Department of São Paulo – a 61-year-old man who had returned from Lombardy, Italy.[25][26] A second case was confirmed soon after in another person who had recently returned from Italy.[27] On 28 February, scientists of the University of São Paulo's Tropical Medicine Institute and the Adolfo Lutz Institute reported that they had sequenced the genomes of these two cases, which had been separately introduced from Northern Italy to Brazil on two occasions.[28][29] In an address on 6 March, President Jair Bolsonaro advised residents to "strictly follow the experts' recommendations as the best protective measure", but that "there is no reason to panic".[30]
On 12 March, it was reported that Bolsonaro's press secretary Fábio Wajngarten had tested positive for COVID-19, prompting increased monitoring of Bolsonaro (who tested negative the next day)[31][32] and his cabinet. Wajngarten had also interacted with U.S. President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence during Bolsonaro's visit to Miami, Florida on 7 March.[33] The number of cases within the cabinet began to increase, including Minister of Mines and Energy Bento Albuquerque, and President of the Federal Senate Davi Alcolumbre; by 20 March, Brazil had the second-largest number of cases among members of a federal cabinet, overtaking Iran and behind only France.[34]
On 13 March, the cruise ship Silver Shadow arrived from the Bahamas and docked in Recife, Pernambuco, bearing 318 passengers and 291 crew members, including one suspected case of COVID-19. The ship was isolated by health authorities.[35] On 17 March, Brazil recorded its first death.[36] At this time, there were 291 confirmed cases in the country.[37] By 20 March, state health departments reported almost 1,000 confirmed cases across 23 of 26 states and also in the Federal District.[38] By 21 March, all Brazilian states had reported at least one confirmed case of COVID-19, with the most recent being Roraima.[39] In the month since Brazil's first confirmed case, Brazil had 2,915 confirmed cases and 77 deaths.[40]
On 28 March, the Ministry of Health reported that Brazil had 3,904 confirmed cases and 114 deaths, suggesting a mortality rate of 2.9%. Approximately 90% of deaths were people over 60 years of age, and most were men. In 84% of deaths, patients had at least one risk factor, most commonly heart disease, followed by diabetes and pneumopathy.[41][42]
April
- 6 April: President Jair Bolsonaro threatened to fire the Minister of Health, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, after they clashed.[43] Following criticism, Bolsonaro temporarily backed down.[44]
- 9 April: The federal government sent out its first financial assistance (Portuguese: Auxílio emergencial) to the public. Over 2.5 million people received R$600 ($116).[45][46]
- 10 April: Brazil confirmed the thousandth coronavirus-related death, as the number of confirmed cases neared 20,000.[47]
- The virus had reached remote locations; a Yanomami teen died of it in Roraima.[48]
- 14 April: The Ministry of Health reported a total of 25,262 confirmed cases and 1,532 confirmed deaths. Over 14,000 people were declared recovered, although they were not confirmed virus-free, only discharged from a hospital or asymptomatic.[49]
- 16 April: President Bolsonaro fired the Minister of Health, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, over disagreements about social distancing guidelines.[50] He said he would appoint a health minister who favored reopening businesses "as quickly as possible".[51] Shortly afterwards, Nelson Teich was appointed to replace him.[52]
- 20 April: Several cities started to ease social isolation guidelines in favor of contact tracing. Some retail stores were allowed to open as long as customers wore masks, the number of in-person customers was reduced, and customer personal information was tracked.
- 24 April: Brazil confirmed more than fifty thousand cases.[53]
- 30 April: Brazil overtook China's official number of confirmed cases, surpassing 87,000 [54]
May
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- 3 May: Brazil confirmed more than a hundred thousand cases; the number of cases had doubled in less than 10 days.[55]
- 7 May: Several cities in the northern states of Amazonas and Pará begun issuing lockdown measures in order to curb the spread of the virus.[56] Other cities in other states consider doing the same.
- 9 May: Brazil confirmed more than ten thousand deaths; the number of deaths had doubled in less than two weeks.[57]
- 14 May: Brazil confirmed more than 200,000 cases; the number of cases had doubled in 11 days.[58]
- The state of Ceará became the state with the second most confirmed cases, overtaking Rio de Janeiro.
- 15 May: Brazil's minister of Health, Nelson Teich, resigned less than a month after being nominated. He cited reasons for this action similar to those of his predecessor: his clashes with the president over the use of hydroxychloroquine, the social distancing guidelines, and being overruled on rules he was supposed to define.[59][60] General Eduardo Pazuello assumed the role of Interim Minister of Health, until an official replacement could be found.[61]
- 26 May: Reuters reported that according to four officials, the Ministry of Health's initial 13 March response to the pandemic was halted and scaled back by President Bolsonaro less than a day later, with power transferred on 16 March from the ministry to the office of General Walter Souza Braga Netto, the Cabinet Chief of Staff.[62]
- 31 May: Brazil confirmed more than five hundred thousand cases; the number of cases had doubled in less than 14 days.[63]
June
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- 1 June: Brazil confirmed more than 30,000 deaths.[64]
- 5 June: The Brazilian government shut down its official website with COVID-19 daily reports, and stated it will no longer report the total number of deaths or active cases.[65]
- 6 June: Carlos Wizard, the new Secretary of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health, claimed that states are inflating the number of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil as a budget diversion scheme, and called for a recount of the total number of deaths.[66]
- 7 June: The government decided that it will no longer publish cumulative COVID-19 numbers, claiming that former numbers may have been misleading. The health ministry plans to publish only the numbers of new cases and deaths in the past 24 hours.[67][68] In response, large media groups in the country established a council to keep recording and publishing data according to the original method, amid claims that the government's initiative could be a maneuver to mislead the population instead.[69]
- 9 June: A court order forced the Brazilian government to continue publishing cumulative case and death counts.[70][71]
July
August
September
October
- 6 October: Brazil reaches five million infections.[81]
November
- 20 November: Brazil reaches six million infections.[82]
December
2021
January
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- 7 January: Brazil reaches 200,000 deaths.[85]
- 11 January: The Ministry of Health pressures the administration of the city of Manaus to adopt chloroquine and ivermectin as "premature treatment" drugs, stating that not using them would be "inadmissible".[86] (The use of ivermectin as a supposed "miracle" drug for COVID-19 was already widespread as of December 2020 despite there being no good scientific evidence supporting such usage.[87])
- 13 January: Researchers from Fiocruz Amazônia announce the discovery of a variant of strain B.1.1.28 in Manaus, being called P.1.[88][89] According to Felipe Naveca, a scientist at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, there is no doubt that the variant appeared in the Amazon, and may be more contagious. In the view of the researcher Jesem Orellana, from Fiocruz-Alazonia, "the new variant is the "most plausible explanation" for the recent explosion of cases".[90]
- 14 January: Demand for oxygen peaked in the city of Manaus, in Amazonas, and the city could not supply the demand. Some patients died of asphyxiation,[91] and some were transferred to other states. The city implemented an overnight curfew.[92][93] Venezuelan Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza, on instructions from Nicolás Maduro, offered his country's oxygen stock to the government of Amazonas.[94] It was later revealed that Brazilian officials had been warned of the oxygen supply crisis six days earlier.[95]
- 17 January: Anvisa has authorized the emergency use of CoronaVac and the AstraZeneca-Oxford University vaccine.[96] Monica Calazans, 54 years old and part of the risk group, a nurse in the fight against COVID, became the first Brazilian to take CoronaVac officially outside the tests.[97]
- 21 January: Research from the University of São Paulo and the Conectas Direitos Humanos revealed the "existence of an institutional strategy to spread the virus, promoted by the Brazilian Government under the leadership of the Presidency of the Republic".[98][99]
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Pharmaceutical company União Quimica started production of Sputnik V vaccine in Brazil in January 2021 - 27 January: Brazil reaches 220,000 deaths.[100] The Lancet publishes an article concerning the possible causes of an "unexpected" increase in January hospital admissions in Manaus, including the emergence of the P.1. variant. (Hospitalizations in Manaus, where an estimated 76% of the population had been infected by October 2020, remained at low levels for seven months from May to November.)[101]
- 28 January: The Lowy Institute, an independent think tank in Australia, describes Brazil's response to the pandemic the worst in the world.[102]
February
- 1 February: Since vaccination started on 17 January, 2,220,216 people have been vaccinated. This represents 1.05% of the national population, and 25.21% of the doses received by the states.[103]
- 9 February: After repeatedly stating he did not approve of, and that his administration would not purchase Chinese company Sinovac's vaccine, Bolsonaro backpedals and states that he was "never against the vaccine".[104] Bolsonaro also stated he did not intend to take the vaccine,[104] and is the only G20 leader to have done so.[105]
- 16 February: Brazil reaches 240,000 deaths.[106]
Since vaccination started on 17 January, 5,505,049 people have been vaccinated – of which 308,791 have also received the second dose. This represents 2.6% of the national population.[107] - 17 February: Serrana, São Paulo participates in a study wherein 100% of its adult population is vaccinated with CoronaVac while other communities complain of shortages. Prior to the mass vaccination, 5% of Serrana's population had been infected, one of the highest rates in Brazil. Only two million doses of vaccines have arrived in the country so far.[108]
- 25 February: On the day Brazil reached a record high 1,582 deaths by COVID-19 in 24 hours, during his weekly livestream, Bolsonaro questioned the efficacy of mask usage and lockdowns, citing an unspecified German study to justify his doubts on the first.[109] The study that seems to have been referenced by Bolsonaro[110] has been debunked multiple times, and is deemed non-scientific.[111][112]
March
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- 3 March: For the second consecutive day, Brazil breaks its record of daily COVID-19 deaths, with a total of 1,910 over the span of 24 hours.[113] During a conversation with his supporters, Bolsonaro stated that "if it's up to [him], Brazil will never have a lockdown".[114]
- 13 March: The government official reported an-always high new infection toll with +76,178 cases in 1 day. There is now a total of 11,439,558 cases, and 277,102 deaths. 9,669,967 people have taken the first shot of COVID-19 vaccine.[115]
- 14 March: The ICUs of 14 Brazilian states were over 90% occupied, and those of another 7 Brazilian states and the Federal District were 80–90% occupied.[116]
- 15 March: Brasil de Fato reported the United States Department of Health and Human Services attempted to pressure the country not buy Sputnik V vaccine to diminish Russia's influence in the region.[117][118] This did not stop a consortium of Brazilian governors in some states from signing a 37 million dose purchase agreement.[119]
- 17 March: Brazilian Health Officials deem the Hospital crisis "the worst in Brazil's history".[120]
- 19 March: The ICUs of 16 Brazilian states were over 90% occupied, "meaning those health systems have collapsed or are at imminent risk of doing so," according to CNN.[121]
- 25 March: Over 100,000 new COVID-19 cases were confirmed in a single day, the highest rate of diagnosis since the pandemic began.[122]
- 31 March: There is now a total of 12,753,258 cases and 321,886 deaths.[123]
April
- 1 April: Prostitutes in Minas Gerais go on strike to pressure the Ministry of Health into classifying sex workers as a priority group for COVID-19 vaccines. The effort ultimately proves unsuccessful.
- 7 April: For the first time, Brazil has recorded over 4,000 confirmed COVID-19 deaths in 24 hours.[124]
- 8 April: Luís Roberto Barroso (STF), determined the Senate begin a parliamentary investigation commission (CPI) to "investigate possible omissions by the federal government in dealing with the Covid pandemic".[125]
- 9 April: President Jair Bolsonaro authorizes government campaign for mask wearing and social distancing.[126]
- 13 April: A commission created by the Order of Attorneys of Brazil concluded that Jair Bolsonaro committed high crimes and misdemeanors, which would constitute grounds for impeachment. They concluded that "Bolsonaro acted deliberately to propagate the Covid-19 virus, and that he should be held accountable for the deaths due to the pandemic". Additionally, they argue that Bolsonaro committed crimes against humanity for attempting to prevent efforts against the pandemic.[127] The Brazilian Senate opened the CPI da COVID that will also "investigate the use of federal funds passed to the federal entities to combat the new coronavirus."[128] On this same day, in Itirapina (São Paulo), 46 people were mistakenly vaccinated with Coronavac, as opposed to the influenza vaccine.[129]
- 14 April: Five children, between 7 months and 4 years old, were mistakenly vaccinated with the CoronaVac in Diadema instead of the Influenza vaccine. The children will be followed for 42 days, but there have been few studies yet on how this vaccine performs in children.[129] The BBC reported that the international non-governmental organization Vital Strategies estimates that about 2,000 children under age 9 (including 1,300 babies) have died in Brazil from COVID-19, although the Health Ministry's numbers reflect only about a third that number.[130][131]
May
October
- 31 October: The government ends the financial assistance program. Cash transfer programs continue with Auxílio Brasil, replacing Bolsa Família, announced in October.
November
December
- 10 December: The Ministry of Health and many of the public healthcare systems are taken down by a ransomware attack.[135][136]
- 16 December: Anvisa has authorized the use of Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine for children from 5 to 11 years old.[137]
2022
January
- 14 January: The state of São Paulo kicks off the vaccination on children. Davi Seremramiwe, an 8 year old child Xavante, was the first to receive a dose of the pediatric Pfizer vaccine.[138]
- 20 January: Anvisa has authorized the emergency use of CoronaVac vaccine for children and teenagers from 6 to 17 years old.[139]
Vaccination
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Brazil is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. It started on January 17, 2021, when the country had 210 thousand deaths.[140]
The Instituto Butantan imported the first 6 million doses of CoronaVac in a collaboration with the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech.[141]
There is no deadline forecast for immunizing the country's entire population due to the lack of supplies for vaccine production[142] and also due to political disputes between the São Paulo state government and the Jair Bolsonaro government.[143][144][145]Responses
Scientific research and forecast
On 19 March 2020, scientists predicted up to 2 million deaths in Brazil in the worst-case scenario without measures to contain the virus. They pointed out that a policy of social distancing was one of the most effective measures given the lack of a vaccine.[146]
On 20 March, experts from Italy warned that the coronavirus growth curve in Brazil would repeat that of European countries. An observatory with physicists from USP, University of Campinas, São Paulo State University, University of Brasília, Federal University of ABC, UC Berkeley and the University of Oldenburg showed that the number of infected people, considering data from 19 March, had been doubling every 54 hours, and that the case total would exceed 3,000 by the 24th.[147][148]
On 21 March, researchers began to mobilize to increase the availability of testing in Brazil. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro was attempting to create a serology test, as opposed to the more common PCR test, to detect infections through a patient's blood samples.[149] Minister of Health Luiz Henrique Mandetta said that the number of cases would increase exponentially until the end of June.[150]
On 23 March, a report from FGV economist Emerson Marçal predicted a negative 2020 GDP of up to 4.4% due to the effect of the coronavirus.[151]
Eleven COVID-19 patients died after receiving high doses of the anti-malarial drug chloroquine in a study in Brazil. This was reported in mid-April. The study was halted.[152]
On 15 August 2020, three joint-ventures began testing a new COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil. The origin of the research and development became a hugely debated issue, further complicated by conspiracy theories spread by anti-vax groups and renowned political allies of Jair Bolsonaro, Brazilian President along with xenophobia.[153]
Preventive measures
On 13 March, the Ministry of Health recommended that those travelling to Brazil self-isolate for at least 7 days on arrival.[154]
On 17 March, Brazilian authorities partially closed their border with Venezuela. Health Minister Luiz Henrique Mandetta had urged closure of the border due to Venezuela's collapsing health system.[155] The state of Santa Catarina declared a state of emergency, and ordered the closure of all non-essential businesses, and suspended public transit, inter-city and inter-state buses, public meetings, concerts, theatres, sporting events and religious services.[156]
On 18 March, Rio de Janeiro and five other municipalities—São Gonçalo, Guapimirim, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, and Mesquita—in the state of Rio de Janeiro had declared a state of emergency to help contain the coronavirus.[157]
The following day, the government of Rio Grande do Sul declared a public emergency situation. Among the measures adopted were the prohibition of interstate travel and the restriction of items purchased in the markets.[158]
On 20 March, the government of Rio Grande do Norte declared a public emergency situation.[159]
On 21 March, cases in São Paulo rose almost 40% in two hours. Deaths also increased in the period. The state issued a lockdown order for non-essential businesses, lasting from 24 March through at least 7 April.[160][161]
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Cities in the Campinas region declared an emergency situation. In addition to the metropolis, Hortolândia, Holambra, Indaiatuba, Itapira, Jaguariúna, Mogi Guaçu, Mogi Mirim, Paulínia, Sumaré and Águas de Lindoia issued decrees with special measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 cases. Valinhos and Vinhedo declared a state of public emergency.[162][163]
On 9 May, the government of Rio Grande do Sul established a new social distancing plan. Given that some areas were more affected than others, the local government organized the state in 20 sectors. Each sector is ranked – according to the number of cases, hospital occupancy rates, and other factors – from Yellow (low risk), to Orange, Red, and Black (high risk). The goal of this scale is to be able to respond better to the current pandemic, and allow the population on lower risk areas to return to a somewhat normal life.[164]
Presidential responses
In a press briefing on 27 March 2020, Bolsonaro downplayed the possibility that COVID-19 could spread rapidly nationwide, arguing that Brazilians "never catch anything", and that there was a possibility that portions of the population were already immune.[165] He has described the threat of COVID-19 as being exaggerated and as a media-created "fantasy".[166][165][167] In October 2021, a Brazilian congressional panel voted to recommend criminally charging two companies and 78 individuals as laid out in a 1,288 report. Bolsonaro is one of the individuals described in the report; nine criminal charges were recommended for him, including "crimes against humanity."[15][168]
Masks
On 15 March 2020, Bolsonaro made an appearance during a pro-government rally in Brasília, interacting with his supporters. He faced criticism for participating without taking precautions (such as wearing a mask), especially after his press secretary was infected following his presidential visit to the United States.[169][170] On 27 November 2020, he reiterated his belief that masks are ineffective at limiting the spread of the virus, and he said that discussion of masks was "the last taboo to fall".[171]
Vaccines
Bolsonaro opposed proposals to purchase the Sinovac Biotech vaccine, but country's health agency granted approval for Phase 3 trials in São Paulo.[172]
On 27 November 2020, Bolsonaro acknowledged that the country's health agency had approved effective vaccines, but added that he personally would not take any COVID-19 vaccine.[171] In 2021, it was revealed that he had repeatedly refused offerings by Pfizer to get tens of millions of doses of their vaccine at a discount.[173] In contrast, millions of Covaxin doses were purchased in June 2021 at elevated prices.[174]
Misinformation about treatments
In late March 2020, Facebook, Inc. and Twitter pulled social media posts by Bolsonaro that promoted hydroxychloroquine as an effective treatment for COVID-19, with the companies considering them misinformation that could cause physical harm, and a contradiction of authoritative health information respectively. Twitter also pulled a similar post by Bolsonaro that called for the reopening of the economy.[175][13][176][177]
Concern about business interests
On 15 March 2020, Bolsonaro claimed that businesses were profiting off "hysteria", and he said the public should not react with "neurosis."[178][179]
He has opposed proposals to suspend interstate travel between states with cases,[180] and the closure of businesses (including malls and weekly outdoor markets), arguing in the case of the latter that they were "extreme measures" that would hurt the economy. Governor of São Paulo João Doria criticised President Bolsonaro for his inaction on COVID-19, which had required individual states to take on responsibilities that should have been taken on at the federal level.[181][182]
On 19 March, President Bolsonaro's son Eduardo shared a Twitter post that which blamed the Chinese Communist Party for the worldwide spread of COVID-19. As China is Brazil's largest trading partner, the post provoked criticism from Chinese diplomats such as Yang Wanming – who argued that Bolsonaro family was "the great poison of this country."[183]
In a presidential address on 22 March 2020, Bolsonaro continued with these arguments,[184] criticising the use of "scorched earth" mitigation measures such as closing businesses and restricting travel, questioning the closure of schools due to there being more infections among the elderly, and accusing the media of spreading a "feeling of dread" among the population. "[185][186][187]
Comments by Bolsonaro
In a presidential address on 22 March 2020, he argued that the lives of Brazilians needed to return to normality, and that "because of my background as an athlete, I wouldn't need to worry if I was infected by the virus. I wouldn't feel anything or at the very worst it would be like a little flu or a bit of a cold."[185][186][187]
In a televised interview on 23 March 2020, Bolsonaro criticised the protests against him, arguing that "the people will soon see that they were tricked by these governors and by the large part of the media when it comes to coronavirus".[188]
On 28 April 2020, when a reporter pointed out that Brazil's death toll had surpassed China's, he replied, "So what? I'm sorry, but what do you want me to do?"[189]
On 7 July 2020, after announcing that he had tested positive, Bolsonaro remarked "There's no reason for fear. That's life", and continued to criticise lockdown measures, arguing that "the majority of Brazilians contract this virus and don't notice a thing", and that "You can't just talk about the consequences of the virus that you have to worry about. Life goes on. Brazil needs to produce. You need to get the economy in gear."[190][191]
Political reactions and public opinion
On 21 March 2020, it was reported that Alcolumbre, president of the Chamber of Deputies Rodrigo Maia, and the leaders of the major parties in the National Congress, no longer believed that they could conduct productive dialogue on COVID-19 with Bolsonaro.[192]
The 22 March 2020 presidential address was met with a negative response by many Brazilian politicians,[lower-alpha 1] as well as critics of Bolsonaro; in a Twitter post, journalist Ricardo Noblat referred to it as the "first political suicide broadcast live on national radio and television."[187] João Doria told CNN that Bolsonaro was "an unprepared and psychopathic leader."[194] The ongoing public protests against the President intensified during and after the address.[187][195][196]
In mid-March 2020, panelaços began to occur in major cities such as Rio and São Paulo, including protests in support of the president, and others calling for his resignation.[197] According to one poll, 64% of Brazilians rejected the way Bolsonaro had been handling the pandemic, while 44.8% supported his impeachment, an all-time high.[198] According to some sources in Congress, Bolsonaro was shutting down political dialogue on purpose and forcing his impeachment to mobilize his supporters.[192]
Natália Pasternak Taschner, the president of the Instituto Questão de Ciência, microbiologist, and research scientist at the University of São Paulo, has addressed the spread of misinformation from the government and other sources. She has appeared frequently on Jornal Nacional and written a weekly science column for O Globo.[199]
Impact
Economy
Economists expect an economic stagnation for the country in 2020.[204] On 16 March, the Ministry of Economy announced a stimulus package of R$147.3 billion (US$29 billion) to help the economy against the effects of the pandemic.[205] The Brazilian government is also in negotiations with the New Development Bank to receive an aid package for its COVID-19 efforts; China received one billion USD from the same institution.[206]
On 21 March, Economy Minister Paulo Guedes announced a series of aid measures to reduce the impact on the economy. A scholarship for self-employed professionals, to the amount of R$200, is being prepared, in addition to the payment guarantee for workers who have reduced working hours.[150]
On 23 March, government announced package of R$85.8 billion for states and municipalities. The amount includes transfers to the health area, recomposition of transfers of constitutional funds and suspension of the maturity of debts of the states with the Union.[207]
The economy shrunk by an unparalleled 9.7 percent in the second quarter of 2020 and plunged Brazil into a recession.[208]
By the end of 2020, Brazil's GDP had shrunk by 4.1%; the worst recorded since 1990.[209]
Education
By 20 March, the pandemic had impacted education all over the world. There were nationwide school closures in over 100 countries. However, President Jair Bolsonaro announced few country-wide measures to slow the spread of the virus,[210][211] and because the federal government decided not to cancel classes in the whole country, lower levels of government have done so on independently. Municipal, state, and private schools and universities had different reactions regarding the suspension of classes. Classes were suspended at once, gradually or not at all. Some of them were replaced with distance education or simply postponed. Because of that, there are only "localized" (as opposed to "national") school closures, according to UNESCO.[212]
Employment
From 2015 to 2016, Brazil experienced a crippling recession that saw its economy decrease by about 7% with an extremely small amount of growth seen from 2017 to 2018.[213] At the beginning of the pandemic, Brazil had hitherto been suffering from this economic dilemma. With COVID-19 now added to the list of problems, 83.5% of Brazil's labour market were pushed into an exposed state.[214] According to Rogério Barbosa, a professor at the IESP Institute for Social and Political Studies; due to the pandemic, between social-distancing and the fear of becoming infected by the virus, between 17 and 19 million people have stopped searching for employment in Brazil.[215]
Environment
The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, increasing by over half compared to baseline levels, according to satellite imagery.[10][216] COVID-19 threatens indigenous communities in the Amazon region.[217]
Favelas
By 17 March, residents of favelas in Rio de Janeiro suffered from a lack of water. Without water to clean themselves, this made them vulnerable to the proliferation of coronavirus. Water did not reach parts of the Baixada Fluminense and the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Among the affected areas are the Chatuba de Mesquita, Camarista, Méier and Complexo do Alemão communities. The infectious disease doctor and pediatrician Cristiana Meirelles said that without clean running water, the situation of fighting the epidemic would become catastrophic.[218] Cufa (Central Única das Favelas, a NGO that operates with Favelas) called for measures to contain coronavirus in favelas. Government actions did not include the economically fragile, a contingent that totals more than 70 million people, said the organization.[219]
Some areas of Maré had been without water for two days, and other areas were reported to have been without water for two weeks.[220][221]
Healthcare
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Following the first reported cases in Brazil, there were concerns whether its healthcare system would be able to deal with the pandemic. On 12 March, the Ministry of Health requested an additional R$10 billion (US$2.1 billion) to the federal budget as part of its efforts to manage the pandemic.[222] It estimated that 2,000 intensive care units would be immediately needed.[223]
On 18 March 2020 hospitals in São Paulo denounced a lack of health materials, such as masks, gloves and hand sanitizer, caused by an increase in prices.[224][225] According to them, packages of masks went from R$4.50 in January to R$140 by 17 March. The government said it will negotiate with industry to meet the demand.[226][227]
In Salvador, local shops experienced shortages of masks and hand sanitizer.[228] Rio and five other municipalities in the state declared an emergency to contain the coronavirus. The municipalities of São Gonçalo and Guapimirim also declared a state of emergency; Niterói, Nova Iguaçu and Mesquita declared an emergency situation in the area of public health.[157]
On 19 March 2020 scientists predicted up to 2 million deaths in Brazil in the worst-case scenario, without measures to contain the coronavirus. They pointed out that maintaining social distance was one of the most effective measures in the absence of a vaccine.[146] Their conclusion came after analyzing the growth curve of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. The contagion rate was the same as that registered in Italy, as the number of infected people had been doubling every 54 hours. According to estimates, the number of confirmed cases might reach 3,000 by 24 March.[147] According to the Ministry of Health, the number of infected patients would grow exponentially until the end of June.[150] The mayor of Belo Horizonte, Alexandre Kalil (PSD), asked General Altair José Polsin, commander of the 4th Army Region, for the temporary assignment of 51 professionals from the army garrison to assist in the demands of fighting the coronavirus. The Brazilian Army has not yet said whether it will meet this demand. Peak cases of COVID-19 in Belo Horizonte were expected to occur in the first week of April. In an interview, the health secretary announced the creation of two more Respiratory Disease centers and was studying placing PMs to serve the population.[229][230]
The Government of Rio Grande do Sul decreed a public emergency situation, with measures including the prohibition of interstate travel and the restriction of items purchased in the markets, with the decree in force from 19 March 2020.[158] Employees at four public hospitals in the city of São Paulo reported a shortage of materials such as alcohol gel, masks and gloves when caring for patients with suspected coronavirus. Professionals in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) reported a shortage of masks and rationing of gel alcohol, though the situation of public-service workers was different from that of private hospitals in São Paulo.[224][225] Stores specializing in medical supplies no longer had alcohol gels and masks, including N95 masks used by health professionals. Street vendors were reported to be taking advantage of the demand for equipment and trying to profit from it.[228]
On 20 March the press reported that Brazil was contradicting the recommendation of the World Health Organization by only testing patients in a severe condition. João Gabbardo, executive secretary at the Ministry of Health, said that the criteria adopted would not change, and people with serious cases would be tested for COVID-19.[38] The following day, a group of scientists announced they were developing new COVID-19 tests in Brazil. They expect to elaborate a test which will work with a single drop of blood from the patient. They expected it to be ready during the current outbreak of COVID-19, and hoped to engage some of the main Brazilian universities in its development.[149] Without protective items, health workers improvised caps as masks in hospitals. In addition to the first cases of coronavirus in Acre, health professionals in the state had to deal with the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE). Some agents improvised with caps as masks.[231]
On 31 March, the U.S. federal government donated two million doses hydroxychloroquine to Brazil, for prophylactic and therapeutic use.[232][233][234]
Health professionals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) complained about the lack of conditions to work with patients in COVID-19. Doctors said there were no N95 masks, with a more efficient filter, at Hospital Salgado Filho. Unions said there was a shortage of personal protective equipment in hospitals.[235]
Religious services
Dom Odilo Scherer, Archbishop of São Paulo, had initially defended the position that churches should not be closed, arguing that there should be more daily services to diffuse large gatherings. Later, he declared the suspension of celebrations with the people.[236][237][238] Bishop Edir Macedo, founder of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, also declared that services should not be suspended, as well as Silas Malafaia, leader of Assembleia de Deus Vitória em Cristo.[236] Malafaia said he would only close his churches if mandated by a court order. Macedo caused greater controversy after he dismissed coronavirus as a creation of the media.[239]
Television programming
Brazilian networks started airing prevention tips during their programming. Globo, SBT, RecordTV, Band, and RedeTV! announced they would stop production of all of their telenovelas, and would record their talk shows without a live audience, while expanding journalism in their programming.[240][241][242]
Statistics
Total confirmed cases
New cases, per day
Total confirmed deaths
New deaths, per day
Case fatality rate
The trend of case fatality rate for COVID-19 from 26 February, the day first case in the country was recorded. [243]
Case fatality rate
See also
Notes
- ↑ They included: Davi Alcolumbre (DEM-AP) President of the Senate, Rodrigo Maia (DEM-RJ) President of the Chamber, Felipe Santa Cruz President of the OAB, Gilmar Mendes Minister of the STF, Wilson Witzel (PSC) governor of Rio de Janeiro, Helder Barbalho (MDB) governor of Pará, Alexandre Frota (PSDB-SP) federal deputy, Joice Hasselmann (PSL-SP) federal deputy, Janaina Paschoal (PSL-SP) state deputy, Rodrigo Pacheco (DEM-MG) senator, Kim Kataguiri (DEM-SP) federal deputy, José Serra (PSDB) former Minister of Health, José Ricardo Roriz vice president of Fiesp, Leila do Vôlei (PSB-DF) senator, Renato Casagrande (PSB) governor of Espírito Santo, Wellington Dias (PT), governor of Piauí, Fátima Bezerra (PT) governor of Rio Grande do Norte, Antônio Anastasia (PSD-MG) senator, Fernando Henrique Cardoso former president, João Amoêdo ex-president of the New Party, Enio Verri (PT-PR) federal deputy, Eduardo Braga (MDB-AM) senator, Humberto Costa (PT-PE) senator, Randolfe Rodrigues (Rede-AP) senator, Alessandro Molon (PSB-RJ) federal deputy, Flávio Dino (PCdoB) governor of Maranhão, José Nobre Guimarães (PT-CE) federal deputy, Rogério Carvalho (PT-SE) senator, Fernanda Melchionna (PSOL-RS) federal deputy, Weverton Rocha (PDT-MA) senator, Marcelo Freixo (PSOL-RJ) federal deputy, Paulo Pimenta (PT -RS) federal deputy, Jean-Paul Prates (PT-RN) senator, Eliziane Gama (Cidadania-MA) senator, Marcelo Ramos (PL-AM) federal deputy, Arnaldo Jardim (Cidadania-SP) federal deputy, Reinaldo Azambuja (PSDB) governor of Mato Grosso do Sul, Wilson Lima (PSC) governor of Amazonas.[193]
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- ↑ Brandão, Marcelo (29 January 2020). "Brazil has three suspected cases of coronavirus, minister says". Agência Brasil. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
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- ↑ "Ministério da Saúde investiga possível paciente com coronavírus em SP; caso foi para contraprova". G1 (in Portuguese). 25 February 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil confirma primeiro caso do novo coronavírus". Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 25 February 2020.
- ↑ "Segundo caso de coronavírus no Brasil é confirmado em SP". R7. 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ↑ "Projeto Cadde – Segundo genoma de coronavírus no Brasil". Virological. 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ↑ "Cientistas do Brasil e de Oxford sequenciam genoma do novo coronavírus detectado em SP". G1 Bem Estar. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: Bolsonaro diz na TV que não há razão para pânico ainda que problema se agrave". G1. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: Bolsonaro testa negativo para covid-19". UOL. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Tests Negative for Coronavirus". Time. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "Exame de Fabio Wajngarten para coronavírus dá positivo". O Globo. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil é 2º país com mais casos de coronavírus na alta cúpula do governo". VEJA. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Cruzeiro fica em quarentena em Recife após idoso ser suspeito de contrair coronavírus". Jornal de Brasília. 12 March 2020.
- ↑ "São Paulo registra primeira morte por coronavírus". Folha de S.Paulo. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ↑ "Notificação de casos de doença pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) – Plataforma Integrada de Vigilância em Saúde – Ministério da Saúde". 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Casos de coronavírus no Brasil em 20 de março". G1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Governo de RR confirma 2 primeiros casos. Todos os estados do BR têm coronavírus". Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Mortes no Brasil por coronavírus sobem 19% em um dia e chegam a 92". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 114 mortes e 3.904 casos confirmados de coronavírus". R7.com. 28 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 114 mortes e 3.904 casos confirmados de coronavírus, diz ministério". G1.
- ↑ "'Ameaça não dá', desabafa Mandetta em telefonemas a ministros". g1.globo.com. 6 April 2020.
- ↑ "Mandetta diz que continua e que governo 'se reposiciona' para enfrentar coronavírus". g1.globo.com. 6 April 2020.
- ↑ "2,5 milhões receberam auxílio emergencial de R$ 600 nesta quinta". g1.globo.com. 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Osborn, Catherine (31 August 2020). "Coronavirus-Hit Brazil Considers Major Public Funds For Poor And Unemployed". NPR. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
But they're pulling through with each receiving a pandemic emergency stipend of $109 per month. [...] Pressured by civil society, the government launched the benefits in April as pandemic shutdowns were battering the nation's already shaky economy.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 1.056 mortes e 19.638 casos confirmados de novo coronavírus, diz ministério". 10 April 2020.
- ↑ "Índio yanomami de 15 anos morre em Roraima após 6 dias na UTI". 10 April 2020.
- ↑ "55% de recuperados: Brasil tem 14 mil pacientes que se curaram da Covid-19". gov.br Casa Civil. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Mandetta anuncia em rede social que foi demitido por Bolsonaro do Ministério da Saúde". 16 April 2020.
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- ↑ "Saiba quem é Nelson Teich, novo ministro da Saúde". 16 April 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 3.670 mortes e 52.995 casos de coronavírus, diz ministério". 24 April 2020.
- ↑ "COVID-19 Map". Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 7.025 mortes e 101.147 casos confirmados por coronavírus, diz ministério". 3 May 2020.
- ↑ "Belém e mais 9 cidades do Pará entram em 'lockdown'; estado é o 2º do país a adotar a medida contra o coronavírus". 7 May 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 10.627 mortes e 155.939 casos confirmados de coronavírus, diz ministério". 9 May 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil tem 13.993 mortes e 202.918 casos confirmados de novo coronavírus, diz ministério". 14 May 2020.
- ↑ "Teich deixa o Ministério da Saúde antes de completar um mês no cargo". 15 May 2020.
- ↑ Waldron, Travis (15 May 2020). "Brazil's Health Minister Quits After Refusing Bolsonaro's Chloroquine Push". HuffPost. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ↑ "Nelson Teich pede demissão; general assume Ministério da Saúde – Política". 15 May 2020.
- ↑ Eisenhammer, Stephen; Stargardter, Gabriel (26 May 2020). "Special Report: Bolsonaro brought in his generals to fight coronavirus. Brazil is losing the battle". Reuters. São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ↑ "Pro- and anti-Bolsonaro rallies erupt in Brazil as Covid-19 cases pass 500,000". France 24. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil toll tops 30,000 as Italy reopens borders". Yahoo News. UK. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ↑ "Governo esconde totais de mortes e casos da Covid-19 e tira site do ar". O Globo. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ Megale, Bela. "Ministério da Saúde vai recontar mortos pela covid-19 porque diz ver "dados fantasiosos"". Bela Megale – O Globo. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro hides Brazil's coronavirus death toll and case totals". The Guardian. 7 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: Hard-hit Brazil removes data amid rising death toll". BBC. 7 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ "Veículos de comunicação formam parceria para dar transparência a dados de Covid-19". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ "Coronavirus: Brazil resumes publishing Covid-19 data after court ruling". BBC News. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ↑ Phillips, Tom; Briso, Caio Barretto (9 June 2020). "Judge orders Bolsonaro to resume publishing Brazil Covid-19 data". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ↑ Fonseca, Pedro; Slattery, Gram (6 July 2020). "Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Tested Again For Coronavirus". HuffPost. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ "Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Carvalho, Daniel (26 July 2020). "Brazil's Bolsonaro says he tested negative for coronavirus". Associated Press. Brasilia, Brazil. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ↑ Chappell, Bill (30 July 2020). "Michelle Bolsonaro, Brazil's First Lady, Tests Positive For Coronavirus". NPR. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ Marcello, Maria Carolina (3 August 2020). "Chief of staff to Brazil's Bolsonaro tests positive for COVID-19". Reuters. Brasilia. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ↑ Leite, Julia; Fagundes, Murilo (9 August 2020). "Brazil Marks Grim Covid Milestone With 3 Million Confirmed Cases". Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ↑ Boadle, Anthony; Mandl, Carolina (26 August 2020). "Eldest son of Brazil's president tests positive for COVID-19". Reuters. Brasilia. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil Hits 4 Million Covid Cases While Life Gets Back to Normal". Bloomberg. 3 September 2020.
- ↑ "Bebê de apenas 2 meses morre por coronavírus em São Bernardo" [Baby of only two months old dies from coronavirus in São Bernardo] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020.
- ↑ Watson, Katy (9 October 2020). "Covid: Brazil's coronavirus cases pass five million". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ↑ Fonseca, Pedro (20 November 2020). "Brazil coronavirus cases speed past 6 million amid fears of second wave". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil coronavirus death toll hits 190,000". Reuters. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ↑ "Novo tipo de coronavírus chega a São Paulo" [New type of coronavirus arrives in São Paulo] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ↑ "Brasil chega a 200 mil mortes por covid-19 em dia com recorde de óbitos e casos" [Brazil reaches 200 thousand deaths of covid-19 in death and case record high day]. BBC Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ↑ "Ministério da Saúde pressiona Manaus e diz ser 'inadmissível' não usar cloroquina contra Covid-19" [Ministry of Health pressures Manaus and says it's inadmissible to not use chloroquine against Covid-19]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ↑ Cardoso CR, Fernandes AP, Santos IK (2020). "What happens in Brazil? A pandemic of misinformation that culminates in an endless disease burden". Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 54: e07132020. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0713-2020. PMC 7747809. PMID 33338115.
- ↑ "O que se sabe sobre a nova variante de coronavírus detectada em Manaus" [What is known about the new variant of coronavirus detected in Manaus] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ Hamblin, James (1 February 2021). "The Brazil Variant Is Exposing the World's Vulnerability". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ↑ "Covid em Manaus: nova variante pode estar por trás de caos no Amazonas, dizem pesquisadores" [Covid in Manaus: new variant may be behind chaos in Amazonas, say researchers] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ Smith-Spark, Laura; Marcia Reverdosa and Taylor Barnes (17 January 2021). "Health care in Brazil's Amazonas state in 'collapse' as Covid-19 infections surge". CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ↑ "Covid-19: Manaus vive colapso com hospitais sem oxigênio, doentes levados a outros estados, cemitérios sem vagas e toque de recolher" [Covid-19: Manaus collapses with hospitals without oxygen, patients taken to other states, cemeteries without vacancies and curfew] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ↑ "Médica de Manaus fala sobre falta de oxigênio em hospital: 'O que vivi hoje nem nos piores pesadelos pensei que poderia acontecer'" [Manaus doctor talks about lack of oxygen in hospital: 'What I lived through today I didn't think could happen even in my worse nightmares'.] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ↑ "Chanceler venezuelano coloca oxigênio à disposição para atender Manaus e governador do Amazonas agradece" [Venezuelan Chancellor makes oxygen available to serve Manaus and governor of Amazonas thanks] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ↑ Pedroso, Rodrigo and Zamira Rahim (19 January 2021). "Brazilian officials were warned six days in advance of a looming oxygen crisis in Manaus". CNN. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ↑ "Anvisa autoriza uso emergencial das vacinas Coronovac e de Oxford contra a Covid-19" [Anvisa authorizes emergency use of Coronovac and Oxford vaccines against Covid-19] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ↑ "Anvisa aprova uso emergencial das vacinas Coronavac e AstraZeneca" [Anvisa approves emergency use of Coronavac and AstraZeneca vaccines] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ↑ "Pesquisa revela que Bolsonaro executou uma "estratégia institucional de propagação do coronavírus"" [Research reveals that Bolsonaro executed an "institutional strategy for the propagation of the coronavirus".] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ↑ "Direitos na Pandemia: Mapeamento e Análise das Normas Jurídicas de Resposta à COVID-19 no Brasil" [Rights in the Pandemic: Mapping and Analysis of the Legal Norms of Response to COVID-19 in Brazil] (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 20 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021.
- ↑ Satie, Anna (27 January 2021). "Brasil ultrapassa 220 mil mortes por Covid-19" [Brazil surpasses 200 thousand deaths of Covid-19]. CNN Brazil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ Sabino, Ester C.; Buss, Lewis F.; Carvalho, Maria P. S.; Prete, Carlos A.; Crispim, Myuki A. E.; Fraiji, Nelson A.; Pereira, Rafael H. M.; Parag, Kris V.; Peixoto, Pedro da Silva; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Oikawa, Marcio K.; Salomon, Tassila; Cucunuba, Zulma M.; Castro, Márcia C.; Santos, Andreza Aruska de Souza; Nascimento, Vítor H.; Pereira, Henrique S.; Ferguson, Neil M.; Pybus, Oliver G.; Kucharski, Adam; Busch, Michael P.; Dye, Christopher; Faria, Nuno R. (6 February 2021). "Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence". The Lancet. 397 (10273): 452–455. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00183-5. PMC 7906746. PMID 33515491.
- ↑ "México, el segundo peor país en ranking de 98 naciones en manejo de la pandemia". proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Proceso. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ↑ "26 estados e o DF vacinaram 2,22 milhões contra Covid, aponta consórcio de veículos de imprensa" [26 states and Federal District vaccinated 2.22 million against Covid, points press consortium]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- 1 2 Dias, Roger (9 February 2021). "'Nunca fui contra a vacina', diz Bolsonaro. É mentira" ['I was never against the vaccine', says Bolsonaro. It's a lie]. Estado de Minas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ Galvani, Giovanna (20 February 2021). "Bolsonaro é único líder do G20 que se nega a tomar vacina contra a Covid-19" [Bolsonaro is the only G20 leader that refuses to take Covid-19 vaccine]. CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ Carvalho, Marco Antônio (16 February 2021). "Mortes por covid-19 no Brasil passam da marca de 240 mil, mostra consórcio" [Deaths of covid-19 in Brazil surpass 240 thousand, shows consortium]. O Estado de S. Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ↑ "Brasil já aplicou ao menos uma dose de vacina em mais de 5,50 milhões, aponta consórcio de veículos de imprensa" [Brazil has administered at least one dose the vaccine to more than 5.5 million, points press consortium]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ↑ Jeantet, Diane (17 February 2021). "Vaccination of whole Brazilian city spares it from shortages". AP NEWS. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ↑ "No dia mais letal da covid-19, Bolsonaro questiona máscara e isolamento" [On covid-19's most lethal day, Bolsonaro questions mask and isolation]. UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ↑ Struck, Jean-Philip [@jeanstruck] (25 February 2021). "Bolsonaro cita estudo de uma 'universidade alemã' que teria abordado efeitos negativos de máscaras em crianças" [Bolsonaro cites study of a 'German university' that would have measured negative effects of masks in children] (Tweet). Retrieved 26 February 2021 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Greenberg, Jon (29 January 2021). "No, study didn't prove that masks have negative effects on 68% of children". PolitiFact. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ↑ Teoh, Flora (6 January 2021). "German study did not find wearing face masks harms children; study wasn't designed to accurately test these effects". Health Feedback. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ↑ Araujo, Gabriel (3 March 2021). "Brasil bate novo recorde de mortes por Covid-19 em um dia com mais 1.910 óbitos" [Brazil breaks new record of deaths by Covid-19 in a day with more 1,910 deaths]. UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ↑ Coletta, Ricardo Della (3 March 2021). "'No que depender de mim nunca teremos lockdown', diz Bolsonaro" ['If it's up to me we'll never have a lockdown', says Bolsonaro]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ↑ "CORONAVIRUS IN THE WORLD AS OF SUNDAY 14 MARCH 2021: LATEST CASE AND DEATH TOLLS IN 24H PER COUNTRY". Sortiraparis. Julie M. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ↑ Hu, Caitlin; Matt Rivers, Marcia Reverdosa and Rodrigo Pedroso (16 March 2021). "Brazil's Covid-19 resurgence is pushing hospitals to overflowing". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ "EUA assumem pressão em Bolsonaro contra vacina russa, e Putin pediu ajuda a Lula" [U.S. takes pressure on Bolsonaro against Russian vaccine, and Putin asked Lula for help] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 March 2021. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ↑ "2020 Annual Report" (PDF). p. 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
Examples include using OGA's Health Attaché office to persuade Brazil to reject the Russian COVID-19 vaccine
- ↑ "U.S. pressured Brazil to ditch Russia's Sputnik V vaccine". The Brazilian Report. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ↑ "Brazil health service in 'worst crisis in its history'". BBC News. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ↑ Rivers, Matt (20 March 2021). "Analysis: No vaccines, no leadership, no end in sight. How Brazil became a global threat". CNN. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ↑ Rivers, Matt (27 March 2021). "Analysis: Signs of collapse across Brazil as Covid spirals out of control. Bolsonaro seems to have little response". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ "Brazil Coronavirus: 12,912,379 Cases and 328,366 Deaths – Worldometer". worldometers.info. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ↑ "Covid: Brazil has more than 4,000 deaths in 24 hours for first time". 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ↑ "Barroso determina que Senado instale CPI da Pandemia" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro autoriza, e governo faz campanha por distanciamento e máscara" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ↑ Amado, Guilherme (13 April 2021). "Comissão da OAB conclui que Bolsonaro cometeu crime de responsabilidade e contra a humanidade: 'Deve responder pelas mortes'". Época (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro diz que aguarda 'sinalização do povo' para 'tomar providências'" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021.
- 1 2 "Pais de crianças vacinadas contra Covid por engano em Diadema estão apreensivos". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ Passarinho, Nathalia; Barrucho, Luis (14 April 2021). "Why are so many babies dying of Covid-19 in Brazil?". BBC News. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ↑ Acevedo, Nicole (15 April 2021). "In Brazil, Covid-19 is killing babies and children at an alarming rate". NBC News. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ↑ "The origin of COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora's box at Wuhan?". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ↑ Porterfield, Carlie. "Brazil's Bolsonaro Floats Conspiracy Theory That Coronavirus May Be 'Biological Warfare'". Forbes. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ↑ "Detectan los primeros dos casos de la variante ómicron en Latinoamérica". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ↑ "Site do Ministério da Saúde sofre ataque hacker durante madrugada e sai do ar". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ↑ "Brazil's health ministry website hacked, vaccination information deleted". ABC News. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ↑ Peduzzi, Pedro (16 December 2021). "Anvisa autoriza vacina da Pfizer contra covid-19 em crianças". Agência Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ↑ "Indígena de 8 anos é a primeira criança a receber dose de vacina infantil contra Covid-19 em SP". G1 (in Portuguese). 14 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ↑ "Por unanimidade, CoronaVac é aprovada pela Anvisa para uso emergencial em crianças de seis a 17 anos". Instituto Butantan (in Portuguese). 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ↑ Phillips, Tom (18 January 2021). "Bolsonaro rival hails Covid vaccinations as 'triumph of science against denialists'". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ↑ "A parceria tecnológica que fez da CoronaVac a vacina do Brasil" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ↑ Cruz, Valdo (18 January 2021). "São Paulo vai negociar com China para acelerar importação de princípio ativo da CoronaVac" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ↑ Zanini, Fábio (17 January 2021). "Painel: Vacinação adiantada de Doria divide governadores e gera mal-estar em grupo de WhatsApp" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ↑ Lopes, Nathan (18 January 2021). "Saiba como será a distribuição de doses da CoronaVac para os estados" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ↑ Silva, Zileide. "Interesse do governo pela CoronaVac aponta mudança radical de posicionamento sobre a vacina" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- 1 2 Povo, O. (21 March 2020). "Cientistas prevem até 2 milhões de mortes no Brasil no pior cenário sem medidas para conter o vírus". Coronavirus. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Curva de crescimento do coronavírus no Brasil repete a de países europeus, alertam especialistas da Itália". Época Negócios. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Ritmo de contágio do coronavírus no Brasil está igual ao registrado na Itália e acelerando, apontam universidades". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Pesquisadores se mobilizam para aumentar oferta de testes no Brasil". Terra. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Brasil tem 1546 casos e 25 mortes pelo coronavírus". EXAME. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Pesquisa prevê PIB negativo de até 4,4% com efeito do coronavírus". R7. Rádio e Televisão Record S.A. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ "Small Chloroquine Study Halted Over Risk of Fatal Heart Complications". The New York Times. 12 April 2020.
- ↑ "Politics and xenophobia cloud the race for a vaccine in Brazil". CNN. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ↑ "Ministério da Saúde recomenda que viajante internacional fique em casa por 7 dias ao chegar ao Brasil". G1. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil partially closing Venezuela border, allowing trucks". Reuters. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ↑ "Governo de SC decreta situação de emergência por causa do coronavírus". G1 Santa Catarina. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- 1 2 "Rio e outros 5 municípios do estado declaram situação de emergência para conter o coronavírus". G1. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Governo do RS decreta situação de calamidade pública devido ao coronavírus". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Governo do RN decreta calamidade pública por causa do coronavírus". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "State of São Paulo extends quarantine until April 22". The Brazilian Report. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil: Quarantine in São Paulo extended through May 10". GardaWorld. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ "Em SP, casos de coronavírus sobem quase 40% em duas horas". diariodolitoral.com.br. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: veja lista de cidades em estado de emergência ou calamidade pública e o que muda com decretos na região de Campinas". G1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Conheça detalhes do modelo de distanciamento controlado que passa a vigorar segunda-feira no RS". 9 May 2020.
- 1 2 Phillips, Tom (27 March 2020). "Jair Bolsonaro claims Brazilians 'never catch anything' as Covid-19 cases rise". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil coronavirus protesters urge 'Bolsonaro out'". BBC News. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro diz que 'pequena crise' do coronavírus é 'mais fantasia' e não 'isso tudo' que mídia propaga". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ Pedroso, Rodrigo; Beech, Samantha; Darlington, Shasta (19 October 2021). "Leaked Covid-19 report calls for mass homicide charges against Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ↑ Darlington, Shasta. "Brazil's Bolsonaro calls coronavirus measures 'hysteria'". CNN. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro tira selfies com manifestantes em frente ao Palácio do Planalto". Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- 1 2 Savarese, Mauricio (27 November 2020). "Brazil's Bolsonaro rejects COVID-19 shot, calls masks taboo". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil Approves Import of China's Sinovac Vaccine". Bloomberg L.P. 23 October 2020.
- ↑ Julia Leite, Andrew Rosati, and Simone Preissler Iglesias (28 May 2021). "Brazil Let 70 Million Shots Get Away and Sealed Its Covid Fate". Bloomberg.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Brazil probes Health Ministry deal to buy Covaxin vaccine". The Washington Post. 22 June 2021.
- ↑ Fried, Ina. "Twitter cracks down on coronavirus misinformation from Giuliani and Bolsonaro". Axios. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Facebook deletes Brazil president's coronavirus misinfo post". TechCrunch. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Lyons, Kim (30 March 2020). "Twitter removes tweets by Brazil, Venezuela presidents for violating COVID-19 content rules". The Verge. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Dias, Isabela (20 March 2020). "Could the Coronavirus Topple Jair Bolsonaro?". Slate. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus desmascara a política de morte de Bolsonaro". 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro critica Witzel por querer impedir voos para o Rio de Janeiro". noticias.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Bolsonaro diz que fechar shoppings e comércio prejudica a economia". BNews. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Doria rebate Bolsonaro: 'estamos fazendo o que ele não faz, liderar'". noticias.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ Phillips, Tom (19 March 2020). "Bolsonaro's son enrages Beijing by blaming China for coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Em pronunciamento, Bolsonaro critica fechamento de escolas, ataca governadores e culpa mídia". Folha de S.Paulo. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- 1 2 "Bolsonaro critica imprensa e fechamento de escolas e diz que crise passará". noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Autoridades no RJ reagem a pronunciamento de Bolsonaro que pede fim do 'confinamento em massa'". G1. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Tom (25 March 2020). "Bolsonaro says he 'wouldn't feel anything' if infected with Covid-19 and attacks state lockdowns". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Phillips, Tom (23 March 2020). "Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro says coronavirus crisis is a media trick". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Amanpour, Christiane (4 May 2020). "Amanpour calls world leader's remark to reporter 'shocking'". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ↑ Phillips, Tom (7 July 2020). "Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "'Life goes on': Brazil's Bolsonaro tests coronavirus positive". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- 1 2 "Para o Congresso, Bolsonaro quer que tentem impeachment para ter confronto". noticias.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Veja repercussão do pronunciamento de Bolsonaro sobre o coronavírus em que ele contrariou especialistas e pediu fim do 'confinamento em massa'". Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ↑ Chatterley, Julia; Humayun, Hira (22 March 2021). "Brazil governor calls Bolsonaro a 'psychopathic leader' who made 'unbelievable mistakes' on Covid-19". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ↑ "Cidades brasileiras registram panelaços contra Bolsonaro pelo oitavo dia seguido | PolĂtica | G1". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ↑ "DF tem panelaço contra Bolsonaro durante pronunciamento na TV". Metrópoles. 24 March 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil coronavirus protesters urge 'Bolsonaro out'". BBC News. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ "Gestão de Bolsonaro do coronavírus é reprovada por 64%, e 45% se dizem a favor de impeachment" Archived 23 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. El País. 19 March 2020.
- ↑ Vyse, Stuart (November–December 2020). "Brazilian Skeptics Take Center Stage in COVID-19 Crisis". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ↑ "Sesc Mineiro Grussaí, no Norte Fluminense, RJ, encerra atividades depois de quase 40 anos | G1". 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Pandemia: Sesc de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite 700 funcionários | Folha de Italva". 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Sesc Minas emite nota sobre fechamento do Sesc Mineiro de Grussaí – Portal Ururau – Site de Notícias – Campos dos Goytacazes". 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "CRISE: Sesc Mineiro de Grussaí fecha as portas e demite cerca de 700 funcionários – Plantão dos Lagos". 9 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ Bianchetti, Mara (21 March 2020). "Economia brasileira sofrerá forte impacto com o novo coronavírus". Diário do Comércio. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ "Guedes anuncia pacote de R$147 bilhões para combater pandemia de covid-19". Poder 360. 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS libera ajuda de R$5 bilhões à China". Terra. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: governo anuncia pacote de R$ 85,8 bilhões para estados e municípios". G1.
- ↑ "Virus plunges Brazil into recession with record 9.7% drop". France 24. 1 September 2020.
- ↑ McGeever, Jamie (3 March 2021). "Brazil GDP drops 4.1% in 2020, COVID-19 surge erodes rebound". Reuters. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ↑ "Latin America takes steps to counter coronavirus, Brazil's Bolsonaro snubs warnings". France 24. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "Latin American countries order school closures over coronavirus fears". Reuters. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ↑ "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "What's gone wrong with Brazil's economy?". BBC News. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ↑ Barbosa, Rogério Jerônimo; Prates, Ian (2020). "The vulnerability of Brazilian workers amid the Covid-19 pandemic". Covid-19: Rede de Pesquisa Solidária Políticas Públicas & Sociedade. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.18025.72803.
- ↑ "The impact of the pandemic on the Brazilian labor market". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ↑ "Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus". NBC News. 11 May 2020.
- ↑ "Brazil: Coronavirus pandemic reaches dozens of Indigenous groups". Al Jazeera. 16 May 2020.
- ↑ "Moradores de comunidades do RJ sofrem com falta de água em meio à pandemia de coronavírus". G1. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ↑ "Cufa pede medidas para conter o coronavírus nas favelas". EXAME. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Favelas do Rio têm 61 casos suspeitos do novo coronavírus, segundo Secretaria de Saúde". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ "Favelas do Rio sofrem com falta d'água e população fica mais vulnerável a coronavírus". Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ "Guedes diz que governo negocia R$10 bi para combate ao coronavírus: há espaço para medidas emergenciais". Infomoney. 12 March 2020.
- ↑ "SUS prevê 2 mil leitos de UTI para tratar pacientes com Covid-19". Infomoney. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Funcionários relatam falta de álcool gel e luvas em hospitais de São Paulo". noticias.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 1 2 Oliveira, Joana (20 March 2020). "Profissionais relatam precariedade contra coronavírus no SUS: "Paciente fica exposto, e nós também"". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: Hospitais de SP denunciam falta de materiais e aumento de até 30 vezes nos preços". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: Caixa de máscara sobe de R$ 4,50 para R$ 140, denunciam Hospitais". Redação Jornal de Brasília. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 1 2 "Máscaras para profissionais de saúde esgotam em Salvador e ambulantes 'aproveitam'". bahianoticias.com.br. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Pico de casos de Covid-19 em BH será na 1ª semana de abril". R7.com. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus: Prefeitura de BH pede reforço do Exército para o atendimento da saúde". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ "Sem itens de proteção, agentes de saúde improvisam toucas como máscaras em hospitais". 19 March 2020.
- ↑ "U.S. sends Brazil 2 million doses of hydroxychloroquine, drug touted by Trump". Reuters. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Joint Statement From the United States of America and the Federative Republic of Brazil Regarding Health Cooperation". White House. Retrieved 22 June 2020 – via National Archives.
- ↑ "Declaração Conjunta dos Governos da República Federativa do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos da América relativa à Cooperação em Saúde". itamaraty.gov.br. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Profissionais de saúde do RJ reclamam da falta de condições para trabalhar com pacientes de Covid-19". G1. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- 1 2 Pires, Breiller (20 March 2020). "Igrejas desafiam recomendação de suspender missas e cultos diante da pandemia do coronavírus". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ "Comunicado sobre a suspensão temporária de Celebrações Religiosas". 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "Comunicado n°2 da Arquidiocese de São Paulo sobre Celebrações e outras Ações Pastorais nas igrejas durante a pandemia do Coronavírus". 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ↑ "Mônica Bergamo: Vídeo mostra Edir Macedo dizendo que coronavírus é inofensivo e que Satanás e mídia promovem medo". 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ↑ Padiglione, Cristina (12 March 2020). "Em razao do coronavirus, Domingao do Faustao vai ao ar sem plateia pela 1 vez em 31 anos". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ Oliveira, Fernando (13 March 2020). "Com medo do coronavirus, Raul Gil cancela gravaÇao e se isola em sitio". UOL. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "RedeTV! cancela plateia do Encrenca com medo do surto de coronavirus". Noticias da TV – UOL. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavírus Brasil". Painel Coronavírus (in Portuguese). Brazilian Ministry of Health. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil |
- COVID-19 in Brazil – Ministry of Health
- "Coronavirus Brazil updates and news" [Latest news and statistics of coronavirus in Brazil.] (in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Estonian, and Russian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
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