Chondrogenic tumors

Chondrogenic tumor
Other names: Cartilage tumors
Osteochondroma, a common type of non-cancerous chondrogenic tumors
SpecialtyOrthopedics
TypesNoncancerous (benign), cancerous (malignant) or intermediate locally aggressive[1]
Diagnostic methodMedical imaging[1]
PrognosisVaries with type[1]
FrequencyCommonest type of primary bone tumor[1]

Chondrogenic tumors, also known as cartilage tumors, are a type of bone tumor that develop in cartilage, and are classified into non-cancerous, cancerous and intermediate locally aggressive types.[1][2]

Diagnosis is made using medical imaging, often when investigating another problem.[3] Tests include X-ray, CT scan, Magnetic resonance imaging and Positron emission tomography.[1] The precise diagnosis is based on histology.[1]

They are the most common type of bone tumor that arises from bone itself.[1] The cancerous types represent around a quarter of all cancerous bone tumors,[1] but are rare compared to other cancers.[3]

Classification

The 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system divides chondrogenic tumors into non-cancerous, cancerous and intermediate locally aggressive types.[4][5]

Type Name Image
Non-cancerous Subungal exostosis[2]
Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation[2]
Periosteal chondroma[2]
Enchondroma[2]
Osteochondroma[2]
Chondroblastoma[2]
Chondromyxoid fibroma[2]
Osteochondromyxoma[2]
Locally aggressive Chondromatosis[2]
Atypical cartilaginous tumor (ACT)/Chondrosarcoma grade I in limbs[1][2]
Cancerous (Chondrosarcoma) Conventional chondrosarcoma grade I (axial skeleton)-III[1][2]
Clear cell chondrosarcoma[2]
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma[2]
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma[2]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis includes medical imaging.[1] Distinguishing a large non-cancerous cartilage tumor, such as an enchondroma, from a chondrosarcoma grade I or atypical cartilaginous tumour is difficult.[6] Often, there are overlapping histological features.[7]

Treatment

Depending on whether the tumor is cancerous or non-cancerous, and where the tumor is located, management includes observation, scraping or surgically cutting the tumor out.[7]

Epidemiology

Chondrogenic tumors are the most common type of bone tumor that arise from bone itself.[1] Cancerous chondrogenic tumors represent around 25% of all cancerous bone tumors.[1] Osteochondroma and enchondroma are the most common non-cancerous types, and conventional chondrosarcoma is the most common cancerous type.[1]

Of all chondrogenic tumors, 28.5% are osteochondroma, 29.1% enchondroma, 21.7% conventional chondrosarcoma grade I-III, less than 5% are subungual exostosis and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation combined, and the least common is mesenchymal chondrosarcoma at less than 1%, as reported by the WHO in 2020.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Engel, Hannes; Herget, Georg W.; Füllgraf, Hannah; Sutter, Reto; Benndorf, Matthias; Bamberg, Fabian; Jungmann, Pia M. (March 2021). "Chondrogenic Bone Tumors: The Importance of Imaging Characteristics". RoFo: Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der Rontgenstrahlen Und Der Nuklearmedizin. 193 (3): 262–275. doi:10.1055/a-1288-1209. ISSN 1438-9010. PMID 33152784. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020. p. 338. ISBN 978-92-832-4502-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  3. 1 2 Bocklage, Therese J.; Quinn, Robert; Verschraegen, Claire; Schmit, Berndt (2014). "16. Cartilaginous tumours of bones and joints". Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors: A Multidisciplinary Review with Case Presentations. London: JP Medical Ltd. pp. 366–409. ISBN 978-1-907816-22-2. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  4. ↑ Choi, Joon Hyuk; Ro, Jae Y. (1 May 2021). "The 2020 WHO Classification of Tumors of Bone: An Updated Review". Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 28 (3): 119–138. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000293. ISSN 1533-4031. PMID 33480599. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Cleven, Arjen H. G.; Bovée, Judith V. M. G. (1 October 2020). "Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of chondrogenic tumours". Diagnostic Histopathology. 26 (10): 484–491. doi:10.1016/j.mpdhp.2020.07.006. ISSN 1756-2317. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  6. ↑ Ahlawat, Shivani; Fayad, Laura M. (10 August 2020). "Revisiting the WHO classification system of bone tumours: emphasis on advanced magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Part 2". Polish Journal of Radiology. 85: e409–e419. doi:10.5114/pjr.2020.98686. ISSN 1733-134X. PMID 32999694. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  7. 1 2 Suster, David; Hung, Yin Pun; Nielsen, G. Petur (1 January 2020). "Differential Diagnosis of Cartilaginous Lesions of Bone". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 144 (1): 71–82. doi:10.5858/arpa.2019-0441-RA. ISSN 0003-9985. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
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