Cerebral blood volume

Cerebral blood volume is the blood volume in a given amount of brain tissue.[1]

Pathophysiology

The typical human adult's nerve skull contains approximately 1500 grams of the brain (including gray matter and white matter), 100-130 milliliters of blood, and 75 milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid. About 15% of the blood volume is present in the arteries, 40% in the veins, and 45% in the nerve tissue and capillaries.[2]

There is a difference between the cerebral blood volume of gray and white matter. The cerebral blood volume value of gray matter is about 3.5 +/- 0.4 ml/100g, and the white matter is about 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/100g. The gray matter is nearly twice that of white matter.[3] In both white and gray matter, cerebral blood volume decreases by about 0.50% per year with increasing age.[4] Intracranial hematoma and Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) will cause an increase in cerebral blood volume.[5] The ischemic stroke will cause a substantial reduction in cerebral blood volume.[6]

Measurement methods

Schematic representation of a Magnetic Resonance

Magnetic resonance imaging

The cerebral blood volume maps can be calculated by dynamic magnetic resonance image set obtained by echo planar imaging after intravenous injection of thiol contrast agent.[7] Planar imaging techniques or single high-speed shots provide the necessary resolution for contrast agents to display rapid brain blood movements.[8] These magnetic resonance cerebral blood volume imaging methods can be applied to academic research of normal human brain activities and clinical studies of patients with brain tumors.[9][10]

Ct scan cone beam

Emission computed tomography

In vivo studies using emission computed tomography gave coefficients of variation for regional cerebral blood volume and cross-sectional cerebral blood volume over 80 minutes.[11] A clear tomographic depiction of cerebral blood volume distribution in human subjects can achieve by using emission computed tomography, which provides real-time measurements of the cerebral hemodynamic parameters.[12] Carbon monoxide administered by a single inhalation is a reliable and accurate blood tracer for measuring cerebral blood volume with emission computed tomography.[13][14]

Synchrotron radiation computed tomography

Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography uses a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam to measure the value of cerebral blood volume. It allows the sample to be placed away from the detector, thereby avoiding scattering effects.[15] This technique measures absolute contrast concentration with relatively high precision and spatial resolution. Cerebral blood volume measurements are based on methods used in dynamic computed tomography. After a large dose of iodinated contrast agent was injected into the brain tissue, the temporal change in iodine concentration was compared to changes in cerebral arterial input. It is a new method for studying hemodynamic changes in brain pathophysiology, including clinical studies of cerebrovascular diseases or brain tumors.[16]

CT perfusion

Cerebral blood volume is one of the parameters that is assessed with CT perfusion, often as part of Ischemic stroke evaluation.[17][18]

Cerebral blood flow

Cerebral blood volume has a close and positive correlation with cerebral blood flow. Both cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow depend on several important parameters, including cerebrovascular resistance, intracranial pressure, and mean arterial pressure.[1] The ratio between cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume can be an accurate predictor of decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, thereby predicting cerebral circulation.[19][20]

References

  1. 1 2 Leenders, K. L.; Perani, D.; Lammertsma, A. A.; Heather, J. D.; Buckingham, P.; Jones, T.; Healy, M. J. R.; Gibbs, J. M.; Wise, R. J. S. (1990). "Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Volume and Oxygen Utilization". Brain. 113 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1093/brain/113.1.27. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 2302536.
  2. ↑ Kaisti, Kaike K.; Långsjö, Jaakko W.; Aalto, Sargo; Oikonen, Vesa; Sipilä, Hannu; Teräs, Mika; Hinkka, Susanna; Metsähonkala, Liisa; Scheinin, Harry (September 2003). "Effects of Sevoflurane, Propofol, and Adjunct Nitrous Oxide on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Blood Volume in Humans". Anesthesiology. 99 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1097/00000542-200309000-00015. ISSN 0003-3022. PMID 12960544. S2CID 6091820.
  3. ↑ Jin, Tao; Kim, Seong-Gi (October 2008). "Cortical layer-dependent dynamic blood oxygenation, cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume responses during visual stimulation". NeuroImage. 43 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.029. ISSN 1053-8119. PMC 2579763. PMID 18655837.
  4. ↑ Swain, R.A; Harris, A.B; Wiener, E.C; Dutka, M.V; Morris, H.D; Theien, B.E; Konda, S; Engberg, K; Lauterbur, P.C (April 2003). "Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat". Neuroscience. 117 (4): 1037–1046. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00664-4. ISSN 0306-4522. PMID 12654355. S2CID 41517027.
  5. ↑ Mandeville, Joseph B.; Marota, John J. A.; Kosofsky, Barry E.; Keltner, John R.; Weissleder, Ralph; Rosen, Bruce R.; Weisskoff, Robert M. (April 1998). "Dynamic functional imaging of relative cerebral blood volume during rat forepaw stimulation". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 39 (4): 615–624. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390415. ISSN 0740-3194. PMID 9543424. S2CID 23060386.
  6. ↑ Derdeyn, C. P.; Videen, T. O.; Yundt, K. D.; Fritsch, S. M.; Carpenter, D. A.; Grubb, R. L.; Powers, W. J. (2002-03-01). "Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited". Brain. 125 (3): 595–607. doi:10.1093/brain/awf047. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 11872616.
  7. ↑ Blamire, A. M.; Anthony, D. C.; Rajagopalan, B.; Sibson, N. R.; Perry, V. H.; Styles, P. (2000-11-01). "Interleukin-1β-Induced Changes in Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, and Cerebral Blood Volume in the Rat Brain: A Magnetic Resonance Study". Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (21): 8153–8159. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08153.2000. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6772751. PMID 11050138.
  8. ↑ Grandin, Cécile B.; Duprez, Thierry P.; Smith, Anne M.; Mataigne, Fréderic; Peeters, André; Oppenheim, Catherine; Cosnard, Guy (May 2001). "Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance–Derived Quantitative Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow and Volume in Prediction of Infarct Growth in Hyperacute Stroke". Stroke. 32 (5): 1147–1153. doi:10.1161/01.str.32.5.1147. ISSN 0039-2499. PMID 11340224.
  9. ↑ Østergaard, Leif; Smith, Donald F.; Vestergaard-Poulsen, Peter; Hansen, SørenB.; Gee, Antony D.; Gjedde, Albert; Gyldensted, Carsten (April 1998). "Absolute Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Volume Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bolus Tracking: Comparison with Positron Emission Tomography Values". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 18 (4): 425–432. doi:10.1097/00004647-199804000-00011. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 9538908.
  10. ↑ Rosen, B. R.; Belliveau, J. W.; Aronen, H. J.; Kennedy, D.; Buchbinder, B. R.; Fischman, A.; Gruber, M.; Glas, J.; Weisskoff, R. M. (December 1991). "Susceptibility contrast imaging of cerebral blood volume: Human experience". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 22 (2): 293–299. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910220227. ISSN 0740-3194. PMID 1812360. S2CID 33265376.
  11. ↑ Braun, H.; Ferbert, A.; Stirner, H.; Weiller, C.; Ringelstein, E. B.; Buell, U. (1988). "Combined SPECT Imaging of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (99mTc-HexamethylPropyleneamine Oxime, HMPAO) and Blood Volume (99mTc-RBC) to Assess Regional Cerebral Perfusion Reserve in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease". Nuklearmedizin. 27 (2): 51–56. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1629503. ISSN 0029-5566. PMID 3259313.
  12. ↑ Ito, Hiroshi; Kanno, Iwao; Ibaraki, Masanobu; Hatazawa, Jun; Miura, Shuichi (June 2003). "Changes in Human Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Blood Volume during Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia Measured by Positron Emission Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 23 (6): 665–670. doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000067721.64998.f5. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 12796714.
  13. ↑ Lassen, N. A. (June 1984). "Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Volume Tomography by SPECT in Cerebrovascular Disease". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 7: S283. doi:10.1097/00002826-198406001-00256. ISSN 0362-5664.
  14. ↑ Martin, W. R. Wayne; Powers, William J.; Raichle, Marcus E. (August 1987). "Cerebral Blood Volume Measured with Inhaled C15O and Positron Emission Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 7 (4): 421–426. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.85. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3497162.
  15. ↑ Adam, Jean-Fran??ois; Elleaume, H??l??ne; Le Duc, G??raldine; Corde, St??phanie; Charvet, Anne-Marie; Tropr??s, Ir??ne; Le Bas, Jean-Fran??ois; Est??ve, Fran??ois (April 2003). "Absolute Cerebral Blood Volume and Blood Flow Measurements Based on Synchrotron Radiation Quantitative Computed Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 23 (4): 499–512. doi:10.1097/00004647-200304000-00014. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 12679727.
  16. ↑ Sakai, Fumihiko; Nakazawa, Keiji; Tazaki, Yoshiaki; Ishii, Katsumi; Hino, Hidetada; Igarashi, Hisaka; Kanda, Tadashi (June 1985). "Regional Cerebral Blood Volume and Hematocrit Measured in Normal Human Volunteers by Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 5 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1985.27. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3921557.
  17. ↑ Demeestere, Jelle; Wouters, Anke; Christensen, Soren; Lemmens, Robin; Lansberg, Maarten G. (March 2020). "Review of Perfusion Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Time to Tissue". Stroke. 51 (3): 1017–1024. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028337. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 32008460.
  18. ↑ Konstas, A. A.; Goldmakher, G. V.; Lee, T.-Y.; Lev, M. H. (April 2009). "Theoretic basis and technical implementations of CT perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, part 1: Theoretic basis". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 30 (4): 662–668. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1487. ISSN 1936-959X. PMC 7051780. PMID 19270105.
  19. ↑ Grubb, Robert L.; Raichle, Marcus E.; Eichling, John O.; Ter-Pogossian, Michel M. (September 1974). "The Effects of Changes in Pa CO 2 Cerebral Blood Volume, Blood Flow, and Vascular Mean Transit Time". Stroke. 5 (5): 630–639. doi:10.1161/01.str.5.5.630. ISSN 0039-2499. PMID 4472361.
  20. ↑ Todd, Nicholas V.; Picozzi, Piero; Crockard, H. Alan (June 1986). "Quantitative Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Blood Volume after Cerebral Ischaemia". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 6 (3): 338–341. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1986.57. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3711160.
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