Sodalis

Sodalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacterales
Family:
Pectobacteriaceae
Genus:
Sodalis

Dale and Maudlin 1999
Species
  • Sodalis glossinidius
  • Candidatus Sodalis pierantonius[1]
  • Candidatus Sodalis melophagi
  • Sodalis praecaptivus
  • Sodalis ligni

Sodalis is a genus of bacteria within the family Pectobacteriaceae. This genus contains several insect endosymbionts and also free-living group. It is studied due to its potential use in biological control of tsetse fly. Sodalis is important model for evolutionary biologists because of its nascent endosymbiosis with insect.

Occurrence and ecological significance

Sodalis was described in louse fly (Craterina melbae),[2] in stinkbug (Cantao ocellatus) [3] in Louse (Columbicola columbae) [4] and in other ectoparasites of water mammals (like Proechinophthirus fluctus, Louse).[5]

Species Candidatus Sodalis melophagi was described in sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus).[6]

Another species Candidatus Sodalis pierantonius str. SOPE is known as endosymbiont of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and can supply rice weevil with essential vitamins like pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin.[7]

A species of bacteria within this genera, Sodalis glossinidius, was found in the hemolymph of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans).[8] This bacteria has been used in paratransgenesis approaches to fight sleeping sickness.[9] Genome analysis shows that symbiosis between Sodalis glossinidius and tsetse fly is evolutionary young. Sodalis has large genome and pseudogenes which remain, however, active in cell-free culture.[10] Fly cleared from its native symbionts can be successfully repopulated by Sodalis from other fly species.[11] This might be used in potential biological control of tsetse fly.

Free-living species

The Sodalis bacterium has also been identified as free-living with no association to insects.

Sodalis praecaptivus, was isolated from a hand injured by a tree branch.[12]

Sodalis ligni was found to be widely associated with decomposing wood of various tree species.[13] S. ligni, unlike other Sodalis species, contains nitrogen fixation genes. Such ecological trait might be important for other saprotrophs living in deadwood as this habitat is nitrogen-limited.[14]

Compared to endosymbionts, free-living Sodalis species are characterized by larger genomes, longer genes, and fewer pseudogenes. These characteristics point to asymbiotic lifestyle of these species. Due to known free-living species and related endosymbionts with evolutionarily young link to insect, the whole genus is important for studies about development of the insect endosymbiosis.

References

  1. ↑ Oakeson, KF; Gil, R; Clayton, AL; Dunn, DM; von Niederhausern, AC; Hamil, C; Aoyagi, A; Duval, B; Baca, A; Silva, FJ; Vallier, A; Jackson, DG; Latorre, A; Weiss, RB; Heddi, A; Moya, A; Dale, C (Jan 2014). "Genome degeneration and adaptation in a nascent stage of symbiosis". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (1): 76–93. doi:10.1093/gbe/evt210. PMC 3914690. PMID 24407854.
  2. ↑ Novakova, Eva; Hypsa, Vaclav (April 2007). "A new Sodalis lineage from bloodsucking fly Craterina melbae (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) originated independently of the tsetse flies symbiont Sodalis glossinidius". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 269 (1): 131–135. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00620.x. PMID 17227456.
  3. ↑ Kaiwa, Nahomi; Hosokawa, Takahiro; Kikuchi, Yoshitomo; Nikoh, Naruo; Meng, Xian Ying; Kimura, Nobutada; Ito, Motomi; Fukatsu, Takema (2010-06-01). "Primary Gut Symbiont and Secondary, Sodalis-Allied Symbiont of the Scutellerid Stinkbug Cantao ocellatus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (11): 3486–3494. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76.3486K. doi:10.1128/AEM.00421-10. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2876435. PMID 20400564.
  4. ↑ Fukatsu, Takema; Koga, Ryuichi; Smith, Wendy A.; Tanaka, Kohjiiro; Nikoh, Naruo; Sasaki-Fukatsu, Kayoko; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Dale, Colin; Clayton, Dale H. (2007-10-15). "Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Slender Pigeon Louse, Columbicola columbae, Allied to Endosymbionts of Grain Weevils and Tsetse Flies". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (20): 6660–6668. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.6660F. doi:10.1128/AEM.01131-07. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2075037. PMID 17766458.
  5. ↑ Boyd, Bret M.; Allen, Julie M.; Koga, Ryuichi; Fukatsu, Takema; Sweet, Andrew D.; Johnson, Kevin P.; Reed, David L. (2016-06-01). "Two Bacterial Genera, Sodalis and Rickettsia, Associated with the Seal Louse Proechinophthirus fluctus (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (11): 3185–3197. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.3185B. doi:10.1128/AEM.00282-16. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4959230. PMID 26994086.
  6. ↑ Chrudimský, Tomáš; Husník, Filip; Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav (2012-07-17). "Candidatus Sodalis melophagi sp. nov.: Phylogenetically Independent Comparative Model to the Tsetse Fly Symbiont Sodalis glossinidius". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e40354. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740354C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040354. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3398932. PMID 22815743.
  7. ↑ Heddi, A.; Grenier, A.-M.; Khatchadourian, C.; Charles, H.; Nardon, P. (1999-06-08). "Four intracellular genomes direct weevil biology: Nuclear, mitochondrial, principal endosymbiont, and Wolbachia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (12): 6814–6819. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.6814H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.12.6814. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 21998. PMID 10359795.
  8. ↑ Dale, C.; Maudlin, I. (1 January 1999). "Sodalis gen. nov. and Sodalis glossinidius sp. nov., a microaerophilic secondary endosymbiont of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (1): 267–275. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-267. PMID 10028272.
  9. ↑ De Vooght, Linda; Caljon, Guy; De Ridder, Karin; Van Den Abbeele, Jan (2014-11-07). "Delivery of a functional anti-trypanosome Nanobody in different tsetse fly tissues via a bacterial symbiont, Sodalis glossinidius". Microbial Cell Factories. 13: 156. doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0156-6. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 4230353. PMID 25376234.
  10. ↑ Goodhead, Ian; Blow, Frances; Brownridge, Philip; Hughes, Margaret; Kenny, John; Krishna, Ritesh; McLean, Lynn; Pongchaikul, Pisut; Beynon, Rob; Darby, Alistair C. (2020). "Large-scale and significant expression from pseudogenes in Sodalis glossinidius – a facultative bacterial endosymbiont". Microbial Genomics. 6 (1): e000285. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000285. PMC 7067036. PMID 31922467.
  11. ↑ Weiss, Brian L.; Mouchotte, Rosa; Rio, Rita V. M.; Wu, Yi-neng; Wu, Zheyang; Heddi, Abdelaziz; Aksoy, Serap (2006-11-01). "Interspecific Transfer of Bacterial Endosymbionts between Tsetse Fly Species: Infection Establishment and Effect on Host Fitness". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (11): 7013–7021. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.7013W. doi:10.1128/AEM.01507-06. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1636136. PMID 16950907.
  12. ↑ Chari, Abhishek; Oakeson, Kelly F.; Enomoto, Shinichiro; Jackson, D. Grant; Fisher, Mark A.; Dale, Colin (2015-05-01). "Phenotypic characterization of Sodalis praecaptivus sp. nov., a close non-insect-associated member of the Sodalis-allied lineage of insect endosymbionts". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (Pt_5): 1400–1405. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000091. ISSN 1466-5026. PMC 4635462. PMID 25782768.
  13. ↑ Tláskal, Vojtěch; Pylro, Victor Satler; Žifčáková, Lucia; Baldrian, Petr (2021-06-11). "Ecological Divergence Within the Enterobacterial Genus Sodalis: From Insect Symbionts to Inhabitants of Decomposing Deadwood". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 668644. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.668644. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8226273. PMID 34177846. S2CID 235397197.
  14. ↑ Tláskal, Vojtěch; Brabcová, Vendula; Větrovský, Tomáš; Jomura, Mayuko; López-Mondéjar, Rubén; Oliveira Monteiro, Lummy Maria; Saraiva, João Pedro; Human, Zander Rainier; Cajthaml, Tomáš; Nunes da Rocha, Ulisses; Baldrian, Petr (2021-02-23). Faust, Karoline (ed.). Yahya Kooch, Maraike Probst. "Complementary Roles of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi and Bacteria Facilitate Deadwood Decomposition". mSystems. 6 (1). doi:10.1128/mSystems.01078-20. ISSN 2379-5077. PMC 7901482. PMID 33436515.
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