Tachypnea

Tachypnea
Other namesTachypnoea
Pronunciation
  • /ˌtækɪpˈniːə/
SpecialtyRespirology

Tachypnea, also spelt tachypnoea, is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in abnormally rapid breathing.[1]

In adult humans at rest, any respiratory rate of 12–20 per minute is considered clinically normal, with tachypnea being any rate above that.[2] Children have significantly higher resting ventilatory rates, which decline rapidly during the first three years of life and then steadily until around 18 years. Tachypnea can be an early indicator of pneumonia in children, and is often an outcome of a brain injury.

Distinction from other breathing terms

A comparison of hyperventilation (left) and hyperpnea (right).

Different sources produce different classifications for breathing terms.

Some describe tachypnea as any rapid breathing. Hyperventilation is then described as increased ventilation of the alveoli (which can occur through increased rate or depth of breathing, or both) where there is a smaller rise in metabolic carbon dioxide relative to this increase in ventilation. Hyperpnea, on the other hand, is defined as breathing an increased volume of air, with or without an increase in respiration rate.[1]

Others give another classification: tachypnea is as any rapid breathing, hyperventilation is increased rate of breathing at rest, hyperpnea is an increase in breathing that is appropriately proportional to an increase in metabolic rate.[3]

A third paradigm is: tachypnea is abnormally rapid respiration (though some may argue this is inaccurate as breathing differs from respiration), hyperventilation is increased rate or depth of respiration to abnormal levels causing decreased levels of blood carbon dioxide and hyperpnea is any increase in breathing rate or depth that is not normal.[4]

Threshold definition

As normal respiratory rate varies with age, the definition of tachypnea also varies with age.[5]

Age Threshold Breaths per Minute
0 - 2 months > 60
2 - 12 months > 50
1 - 5 years > 40
> 5 years > 20

Causes

Tachypnea may have physiological or pathological causes. Both of these categories would include large lists of individual causes.

Physiological causes

Physiological causes of tachypnea include exercise.

Pathological causes

Pathological causes of tachypnea include sepsis,[5] compensation for diabetic ketoacidosis or other metabolic acidosis,[5] pneumonia, pleural effusion,[5] carbon monoxide poisoning, pulmonary embolism,[5] asthma, COPD, laryngospasm, allergic reaction causing airway edema, foreign body aspiration, tracheobronchomalacia, congestive heart failure,[5] anxiety states, haemorrhage,[5] or many other medical issues.

Etymology and pronunciation

The word tachypnea (/ˌtækɪpˈniːə/) uses combining forms of tachy- + -pnea, yielding "fast breathing". See pronunciation information at dyspnea.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Whited L, Graham DD (2020). "Abnormal Respirations". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262235. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  2. ↑ "tachypnea" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. ↑ Martin EA, ed. (2003). Oxford concise medical dictionary (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 333–4. ISBN 0-19-860753-9.
  4. ↑ "tachypnea". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Saunders. 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DeMuri GP, Gern JE, Moyer SC, Lindstrom MJ, Lynch SV, Wald ER (April 2016). "Clinical Features, Virus Identification, and Sinusitis as a Complication of Upper Respiratory Tract Illness in Children Ages 4-7 Years". In Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M (eds.). The Journal of Pediatrics. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vol. 171 (Fifth ed.). Elsevier. pp. 133–9.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00021-9. ISBN 978-0-323-40181-4. PMC 7173486.
  • The dictionary definition of tachypnea at Wiktionary
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