Ávila (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Ávila is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects three deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ávila. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Ávila
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Ávila within Spain
ProvinceÁvila
Autonomous communityCastile and León
Population158,140 (2022)[1]
Electorate136,669 (2023)
Major settlementsÁvila
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats3
Member(s)
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  CDS
  Cs
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
  Vox
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
3
1st 1979
3
2nd 1982
1 1 1
3rd 1986
1 1 1
4th 1989
1 1 1
5th 1993
1 2
6th 1996
1 2
7th 2000
1 2
8th 2004
1 2
9th 2008
1 2
10th 2011
1 2
11th 2015
1 2
12th 2016
1 2
13th 2019 (Apr)
1 1 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
1 1 1
15th 2023
1 2

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 42,36943.25+8.46 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 26,82827.39+1.21 1±0
Vox (Vox) 15,06815.38–3.14 0–1
For Ávila (XAV) 7,3627.52+1.73 0±0
Unite (Sumar)1 5,0275.13–1.35 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 2750.28–0.18 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 1000.10New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 910.09–0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 850.09–0.02 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 770.08+0.01 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 420.04–0.07 0±0
Blank ballots 6320.65–0.16
Total 97,956 3±0
Valid votes 97,95698.83+0.20
Invalid votes 1,1641.17–0.20
Votes cast / turnout 99,12072.53+3.19
Abstentions 37,54927.47–3.19
Registered voters 136,669
Sources[8]
Footnotes:

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 32,52734.79+3.44 1±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 24,47426.18+0.22 1±0
Vox (Vox) 17,31318.52+4.19 1+1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 6,1196.54–12.17 0–1
United We Can (PodemosIU) 6,0596.48–1.09 0±0
For Ávila (XAV) 5,4165.79New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4320.46–0.20 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1050.11–0.06 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1020.11±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1010.11New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 610.07–0.02 0±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 320.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 7550.81+0.10
Total 93,496 3±0
Valid votes 93,49698.63±0.00
Invalid votes 1,2971.37±0.00
Votes cast / turnout 94,79369.34–6.14
Abstentions 41,92430.66+6.14
Registered voters 136,717
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 32,00131.35–20.14 1–1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 26,50325.96+6.47 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 19,10218.71+4.46 1+1
Vox (Vox) 14,62314.33New 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo) 7,7307.57–5.09 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6730.66+0.04 0±0
Act (PACT) 3470.34New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1690.17+0.03 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1130.11New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 960.09–0.17 0±0
Blank ballots 7220.71–0.01
Total 102,079 3±0
Valid votes 102,07998.63–0.18
Invalid votes 1,4221.37+0.18
Votes cast / turnout 103,50175.48+3.57
Abstentions 33,61824.52–3.57
Registered voters 137,119
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 50,93151.49+5.35 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 19,27719.49–0.36 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 14,09614.25–1.41 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)1 12,52712.66–2.88 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6100.62+0.11 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 3570.36–0.53 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2610.26+0.03 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1410.14+0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 7170.72–0.01
Total 98,917 3±0
Valid votes 98,91798.81+0.01
Invalid votes 1,1891.19–0.01
Votes cast / turnout 100,10671.91–1.86
Abstentions 39,11228.09+1.86
Registered voters 139,218
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 47,07246.14–15.76 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 20,25419.85–3.06 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 15,97115.66New 0±0
We Can (Podemos) 11,95111.71New 0±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 3,9053.83–0.70 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 9080.89–6.86 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5190.51+0.25 0±0
Vox (Vox) 3300.32New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2380.23+0.01 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1250.12New 0±0
Blank ballots 7440.73–0.43
Total 102,017 3±0
Valid votes 102,01798.80+0.18
Invalid votes 1,2341.20–0.18
Votes cast / turnout 103,25173.77–1.60
Abstentions 36,70426.23+1.60
Registered voters 139,955
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 65,60061.90+3.32 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 24,27822.91–12.14 1±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 8,2177.75+6.33 0±0
United Left of Castile and León: Plural Left (IUCyL) 4,8034.53+1.93 0±0
Equo (Equo) 7250.68New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2750.26+0.18 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2330.22+0.15 0±0
Republicans (RPS) 2000.19New 0±0
Hartos.org (Hartos.org) 1740.16New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1050.10+0.03 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 830.08+0.05 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 500.05New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2331.16+0.15
Total 105,976 3±0
Valid votes 105,97698.62–0.54
Invalid votes 1,4811.38+0.54
Votes cast / turnout 107,45775.37–5.07
Abstentions 35,12124.63+5.07
Registered voters 142,578
Sources[9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,27458.58–0.96 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 40,24935.05+1.03 1±0
United Left–Alternative (IU) 2,9872.60–0.57 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,6281.42New 0±0
Commoners' Land (TC) 1940.17–0.30 0±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 1340.12New 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 1260.11New 0±0
The Greens (Verdes) 1250.11New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 1100.10New 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 970.08New 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 940.08New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 860.07New 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 770.07–0.05 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 760.07+0.01 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 740.06+0.01 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 690.06+0.03 0±0
Spanish Democratic Centre (CDEs) 520.05New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 520.05–0.05 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 500.04±0.00 0±0
Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD) 370.03New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 320.03–0.05 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 240.02New 0±0
Spanish Front (Frente) 140.01New 0±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC) 90.01New 0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 90.01New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,1561.01–0.75
Total 114,835 3±0
Valid votes 114,83599.16+0.15
Invalid votes 9710.84–0.15
Votes cast / turnout 115,80680.44+0.58
Abstentions 28,16119.56–0.58
Registered voters 143,967
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,62259.54–5.77 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 38,64034.02+7.36 1±0
United Left (IU) 3,5983.17–1.60 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 5320.47+0.12 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3270.29–0.01 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 1340.12New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1130.10–0.02 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 970.09New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 870.08New 0±0
Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR) 770.07New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 710.06–0.12 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 660.06New 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 590.05New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 560.05–0.05 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 460.04New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 310.03New 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 290.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,9971.76+0.04
Total 113,582 3±0
Valid votes 113,58299.01+0.13
Invalid votes 1,1300.99–0.13
Votes cast / turnout 114,71279.86+5.17
Abstentions 28,92920.14–5.17
Registered voters 143,641
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 70,05865.31+6.61 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p) 28,59626.66–3.78 1±0
United Left (IU) 5,1174.77–2.92 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 3720.35+0.23 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 3270.30–1.24 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2620.24+0.07 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 2100.20New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1930.18New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1320.12–0.01 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1070.10New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 620.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8421.72+0.72
Total 107,278 3±0
Valid votes 107,27898.88–0.43
Invalid votes 1,2131.12+0.43
Votes cast / turnout 108,49174.69–6.46
Abstentions 36,75925.31+6.46
Registered voters 145,250
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 68,50358.70+8.51 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 35,52730.44–0.03 1±0
United Left of Castile and León (IUCL) 8,9777.69+2.24 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 1,7931.54–10.23 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 1960.17+0.05 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 1630.14New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1470.13+0.10 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1360.12+0.03 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 950.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,1711.00+0.22
Total 116,708 3±0
Valid votes 116,70899.31+0.21
Invalid votes 8050.69–0.21
Votes cast / turnout 117,51381.15+1.19
Abstentions 27,29818.85–1.19
Registered voters 144,811
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 57,32450.19+17.41 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 34,80630.47+2.71 1±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 13,44411.77–19.77 0–1
United Left of Castile and León (IU) 6,2275.45+0.48 0±0
The Greens (LV) 6540.57–0.47 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 2830.25–0.20 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 1810.16–0.47 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 1360.12New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1030.09New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 510.04New 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)1 500.04–0.06 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 410.04New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 370.03–0.03 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 8940.78+0.16
Total 114,213 3±0
Valid votes 114,21399.10+0.84
Invalid votes 1,0350.90–0.84
Votes cast / turnout 115,24879.96+2.99
Abstentions 28,87920.04–2.99
Registered voters 144,127
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 35,75732.78+3.32 1±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 34,40231.54–9.76 1±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 30,28227.76+3.20 1±0
United Left (IU) 4,8154.41+2.40 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 1,1391.04New 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 6820.63New 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 4870.45New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 2160.20–0.19 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 1560.14–0.37 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1490.14–0.06 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1460.13New 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 1100.10–0.06 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 700.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 6760.62+0.16
Total 109,087 3±0
Valid votes 109,08798.26+0.55
Invalid votes 1,9351.74–0.55
Votes cast / turnout 111,02276.97+0.25
Abstentions 33,22523.03–0.25
Registered voters 144,247
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 45,28341.30+18.90 1±0
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 32,29529.46–3.86 1±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 26,92724.56–6.02 1±0
United Left (IU)2 2,2022.01+0.27 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 5720.52New 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 5580.51New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 4320.39–0.13 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2840.26+0.15 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2220.20New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 1870.17–0.10 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1760.16New 0±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 5020.46–0.04
Total 109,640 3±0
Valid votes 109,64097.71–0.20
Invalid votes 2,5662.29+0.20
Votes cast / turnout 112,20676.72–5.51
Abstentions 34,04023.28+5.51
Registered voters 146,246
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 37,19333.32+26.45 1+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 34,14230.58+10.60 1+1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 25,00022.40New 1+1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 11,21810.05–55.76 0–3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1,9471.74–1.86 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 5810.52New 0±0
New Force (FN)2 4140.37–1.20 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 3000.27New 0±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)3 1530.14–0.13 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1270.11New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 00.00–0.12 0±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) 00.00New 0±0
Communist Movement of Castile and León (MC–CL) 00.00–0.42 0±0
Blank ballots 5570.50+0.01
Total 111,632 3±0
Valid votes 111,63297.91–0.92
Invalid votes 2,3842.09+0.92
Votes cast / turnout 114,01682.23+11.77
Abstentions 24,63917.77–11.77
Registered voters 138,655
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 67,00165.81–2.34 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 20,34119.98+4.04 0±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 6,9956.87+0.09 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 3,6613.60+1.31 0±0
National Union (UN)3 1,5991.57+0.49 0±0
Communist MovementOrganization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 4290.42New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)4 2780.27–0.08 0±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 2710.27New 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE) 2650.26New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 2320.23New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 1250.12New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 1090.11New 0±0
Blank ballots 4990.49+0.26
Total 101,805 3±0
Valid votes 101,80598.83–0.26
Invalid votes 1,2021.17+0.26
Votes cast / turnout 103,00770.46–10.53
Abstentions 43,17629.54+10.53
Registered voters 146,183
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Ávila
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 71,65068.15n/a 3n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 14,98414.25n/a 0n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 7,1236.78n/a 0n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPDID) 4,8724.63n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 2,4062.29n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US) 1,7771.69n/a 0n/a
New Force (FN) 1,1321.08n/a 0n/a
Socialist Movement (MS) 5840.56n/a 0n/a
Workers' Electoral Group (AET) 3660.35n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 2400.23n/a
Total 105,134 3n/a
Valid votes 105,13499.09n/a
Invalid votes 9630.91n/a
Votes cast / turnout 106,09780.99n/a
Abstentions 24,90119.01n/a
Registered voters 130,998
Sources[9]

References

  1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
  9. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

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