Vanda

Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[3] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are about 87 species,[4] and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[5] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[2][6]

For other uses, see Vanda (disambiguation).

Vanda
Vanda coerulea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Vanda
Gaud. ex Pfitzer
Type species
Vanda roxburghii R.Br.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Ascocentrum Schltr.
  • Euanthe Schltr.
  • Finetia Schltr. 1918, illegitimate homonym, not Gagnep. 1917
  • Neofinetia Hu
  • Nipponorchis Masam. illegitimate
  • Eparmatostigma Garay
  • Trudelia Garay
  • × Trudelianda Garay
  • Christensonia Haager
  • Ascocentropsis Senghas & Schildh.
  • Gunnaria S.C.Chen ex Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen

Etymology

The name "Vanda" is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[7] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[8][9]

Distribution

These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.

Description

The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[10]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

Pollination

Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[11]

Conservation

Many Vanda orchids (especially V. coerulea) are endangered, and have never been common because they are usually only infrequently encountered in habitat and grow only in disturbed forest areas with high light levels, and are severely threatened and vulnerable to habitat destruction.[5] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family. This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only Thelymitra crinita, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids, the other being Aganisia cyanea, a lowland species from northern South America that is difficult to cultivate, but has metallic blue flowers. Both of these species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections
Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[12] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[13]

Systematics

In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[14] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2023:[2]

Vanda ampullacea
Vanda Robert's Delight
Vanda tricolor
Vanda falcata
Vanda hindsii by Lewis Roberts
Vanda lamellata
Photo of small orchid Vanda garayi in bloom, isolated on a black background.
Vanda garayi
  • Vanda aliceae Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
  • Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. (Himalaya to China - S. Yunnan)
  • Vanda × amoena O'Brien
  • Vanda ampullacea (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda arbuthnotiana Kraenzl. (India)
  • Vanda arcuata J.J.Sm. (Indonesia - Sulawesi)
  • Vanda aurantiaca (Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner
    • Vanda aurantiaca subsp. aurantiaca
    • Vanda aurantiaca subsp. philippinensis
  • Vanda aurea (J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda barnesii W.E.Higgins & Motes (North Luzon, Philippines)
  • Vanda bensonii Bateman (Assam to Thailand)
  • Vanda bicolor Griff. (Bhutan)
  • Vanda bidupensis Aver. & Christenson (Vietnam)
  • Vanda × boumaniae J.J.Sm.
  • Vanda brunnea Rchb.f. (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
  • Vanda celebica Rolfe (Indonesia – Sulawesi)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii Rolfe
  • Vanda chirayupiniae Wannakr.
  • Vanda chlorosantha (Garay) Christenson (Bhutan)
  • Vanda christensoniana (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. "Blue Orchid" (Assam to China - S. Yunnan)
  • Vanda coerulescens Griff. (Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan)
  • Vanda concolor Blume (S. China to Vietnam)
  • Vanda cootesii Motes
  • Vanda crassiloba Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm.
  • Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl. (Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan)
  • Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda dearei Rchb.f. (Borneo)
  • Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb.f. (China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China)
  • Vanda devoogtii J.J.Sm. (Sulawesi)
  • Vanda dives (Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner (Vietnam, Laos)
  • Vanda falcata (Thunb.) Beer (Japan, China, Korea)
  • Vanda × feliciae Cootes
  • Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, 1985
  • Vanda foetida J.J.Sm. (S. Sumatra)
  • Vanda frankieana Metusala & P.O'Byrne
  • Vanda funingensis L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu
  • Vanda furva (L.) Lindl. (Java, Maluku)
  • Vanda fuscoviridis Lindl. (S. China to Vietnam)
  • Vanda garayi (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda gibbsiae Rolfe
  • Vanda gracilis Aver.
  • Vanda griffithii Lindl. (E. Himalaya)
  • Vanda hastifera Rchb.f. (Borneo)
  • Vanda helvola Blume (W. Malaysia to Philippines)
  • Vanda hienii (Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) R.Rice
  • Vanda hindsii Lindl. (Papuasia to N. Queensland)
  • Vanda insignis Blume ex Lindl. (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda insularum (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda jainii A.S.Chauhan (Assam)
  • Vanda javierae D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel (Philippines - Luzon)
  • Vanda jennae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm., 2005
  • Vanda lamellata Lindl. (Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah)
    • Vanda lamellata var. boxallii
    • Vanda lamellata var. lamellata
    • Vanda lamellata var. remediosae
  • Vanda lilacina Teijsm. & Binn. (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
  • Vanda limbata Blume (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao)
  • Vanda lindenii Rchb.f.
  • Vanda liouvillei Finet (Assam to Indo-China)
  • Vanda lombokensis J.J.Sm. (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda longitepala D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes
  • Vanda luzonica Loher ex Rolfe (Philippines - Luzon)
  • Vanda malipoensis L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu
  • Vanda mariae Motes
  • Vanda merrillii Ames & Quisumb. (Philippines)
  • Vanda metusalae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
  • Vanda mindanoensis Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
  • Vanda miniata (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda motesiana Choltco
  • Vanda nana L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda perplexa Motes & D.L.Roberts
  • Vanda petersiana Schltr. (Myanmar)
  • Vanda pumila Hook.f. (Nepal to Hainan and N. Sumatra)
  • Vanda punctata Ridl. (Pen. Malaysia)
  • Vanda richardsiana (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda roeblingiana Rolfe (Philippines - Luzon)
  • Vanda rubra (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
  • Vanda saxatilis J.J.Sm.
  • Vanda scandens Holttum (Borneo, Philippines - Mindanao)
  • Vanda stangeana Rchb.f. (India - Arunachal Pradesh to Assam)
  • Vanda subconcolor Tang & F.T.Wang (China - SW. Yunnan to Hainan)
  • Vanda sumatrana Schltr. (Sumatra)
  • Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don (Indian subcontinent to Indo-China)
  • Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f. (Indian subcontinent to SC. China).
  • Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f. (S. India, Sri Lanka)
  • Vanda tricolor Lindl. (Laos, Java, Bali)
    • Vanda tricolor var. suavis
    • Vanda tricolor var. tricolor
  • Vanda ustii Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa (Philippines - Luzon)
  • Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
  • Vanda vipanii Rchb.f. (Myanmar)
  • Vanda wightii Rchb.f. (S. India)
  • Vanda xichangensis (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) L.M.Gardiner

Natural hybrids
  • Vanda × boumaniae (V. insignis × V. limbata) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × confusa (V. coerulescens × V. lilacina) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × hebraica (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[15]

Intergeneric hybrids
Vanda Pachara Delight
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register:

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

References
  1. Vanda | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/30077641-2
  2. "Vanda R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  3. "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
  4. Motes, M. R. (2021). The Natural Genus Vanda. Redland Press.
  5. The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. ISBN 0-674-87526-5
  6. Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  7. vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  8. Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Vanda". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  9. Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  10. Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  11. Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  12. Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  13. Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  14. Lim, S. (1999). "RAPD Analysis of Some Species in the GenusVanda(Orchidaceae)". Annals of Botany. 83 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0801.
  15. Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.

Further reading
  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. ISBN 0-88192-376-1
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